SUBTERRANEAN MOVEMENTS, &c. 
115 
Veins which cross. 
In the northernmost part of the Penine region, the east and west 
veins are commonly divided by the north and south veins, which there- 
fore receive the name of Cross Courses. The same thing happens 
in Cornwall, and indeed generally. Particular phenomena happen at 
their junction, which involve the question of the relative epoch of 
these veins in some obscurity. Werner has been almost universally 
followed, in asserting the cross veins to be of later origin than the 
others, because they cut through them. That they are of different date 
is highly probable from the difference of their contents. 
The following are some of the most important facts on this subject, 
observed in the North of England. 
The north and south veins divide those running east and west, in 
almost every instance, but some exceptions occur. The divided vein, 
if it hades and the vertical throw of the cross vein be considerable, will 
be displaced, so that its divided parts remain parallel but not coincident 
planes, and viewed in a horizontal section appear to have suffered 
lateral movement. Two veins hading oppositely may thus appear to 
be shifted in opposite horizontal directions, as in the drawing given 
by Mr. Forster, p. 205. 
The divided vein sometimes undergoes a curvature on one side 
near the cross vein ; sometimes it is split or ramified into portions on 
one side ; in one instance the throw changes on the different sides 
of the cross vein ; in some examples the right vein ends in the cross 
vein. 
The cross vein itself is little affected by the circumstance of passing 
through the others ; it is subject to the same general law of hade and 
throw, and the lateral shift which it sometimes occasions in other veins 
to a great extent (one hundred and fifty feet) is according to the 
same analogy. These veins are occasionally productive of metal where 
they cross the right veins. 
Q 2 
