120 
EFFECTS OF 
us of the maximum of geological antiquity ; between these limits of 
error, the events certainly happened. The Tynedale branch of the 
Penine fault, divides the magnesian limestone range at Cullercoats, 
it therefore happened not earlier than the deposit of that rock ; it 
does not we believe dislocate the red sandstone of the plain of Carlisle ; 
thus its date is supposed to be accurately fixed. 
The Penine fault from Brampton to Kirby Lonsdale no where dis- 
locates the new red sandstone, (the magnesian conglomerate of Kirby 
Stephen is not in general dislocated on its line, one case occurs at 
Brough.) It disturbs the slate rocks, the whole limestone and millstone 
grit series, and thus may be of the same age as the Tynedale fault, can 
not be more recent, and can not differ widely from it. 
The Craven branch of this system dislocates slate, limestone, grit- 
stone, and coal measures ; the magnesian conglomerate of West Houses is 
circumstanced nearly as that of Kirby Stephen ; this fault seems therefore 
to be of the same age as the Penine fault, and it is extremely probable, 
from the remarkable continuity of the whole range and the analogy 
of direction as well as extent of dislocation, that if not all of one epoch 
all the parts of this great fault were produced after the coal and d uri no- 
th e earlier part of the saliferous period. 
The Ribblesdale system is of the same or nearly the same age, 
for it dislocates limestone, gritstone, and coal, and its prolongation in 
Lancashire, toward Ormskirk, does not break up any part of the red 
sandstone. The Derbyshire system is of the same age, and so is that 
of the vale of Clwydd. 
The view previously advanced of the dependence of the great faults 
and mineral veins on the Penine fault and Ribblesdale axes of elevation 
leaves no room for doubt as to these being of the same dates gene- 
rally. The faults of the coal district of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Durham, 
and Northumberland, are mostly anterior both to the new red sand- 
stone, magnesian limestone, and Rotlietodteliegende, and if these like 
