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EFFECTS OF 
border of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire coal tract which, at 
least in places, appears to have suffered disturbance since the red sand- 
stone epoch. 
Upon the whole then from general considerations we find it pro- 
bable that the great north and south system of faults from Brampton 
to Derbyshire was occasioned before the production of any beds 
connected with the new red sandstone ; — particular examinations prove 
the northernmost (Tynedale) branch and the southernmost (border of 
Derbyshire coalfield) branch from this system, both running eastward, 
to have been disturbed during the new red sandstone period ; there is 
no sufficient proof on the line of the Cross fell or Craven faults of 
their exact date, yet the general unconformity of the whole red 
sandstone system, the generally horizontal or slightly inclined surfaces 
of the magnesian conglomerate at Kirby Stephen and Bela bridge, 
as well as at Westhouses near Ingleton, lead to the conclusion that 
these faults were anterior to the magnesian rock. The only objection 
to this conclusion is derived from a limited dislocation of the consrlo- 
O 
merate near Brough, where however it is not in conformity of dis- 
turbance with the carboniferous limestone. Upon the whole then. 
I venture to adopt the conclusion that the Penine and Craven faults, 
as well as the Kibblesdale and Derbyshire disturbances, preceded the 
magnesian limestone epoch, but the Tynedale fault and some other 
considerable dislocations are of somewhat later date. It is however 
impossible to close the discussion without expressing the surprise 
which I feel that such a complicated problem as that of the age of 
a great system of convulsion should ever be thought easy of solution. 
Faults in different directions. 
The age of the great systems of disturbance affecting the car- 
boniferous series of the North of England thus determined, we may 
attend to a minor but curious question as to the discovery of any 
differences of age among the faults depending on these systems. When 
veins or faults intersect and one displaces another, is there any difference 
of age, and if so which is the older ? 
