OF THE DISTRICT. 
139 
of strata from the Wharfedale axis soon becomes insensible to the north 
of Wen si ey dale ; yet to a certain extent the whole area between Wen- 
sleydale and Lunedale is depressed, the bounding ridges passing througli 
Mickle fell and Cam fell. 
Stainmoor . — An important transverse fold of the great Penine slope 
affects the whole country between the Greta and Lunedale, so as to cause 
a general depression of the surface, of not less than four hundred feet, 
and an almost complete concealment of the whole Yoredale group > 
beneath wide undulations and insulated hills of the millstone grit series. 
This very wide hollow of strata may be conceived to depend on one nearly 
east and west line through the head of Arkendale and another nearly pa- 
rallel to it along Lunedale : the dip being from these lines toward Deep 
dale and Balderdale. The effects of this great hollow are traced to the 
east in the extended coal tracts of West pits; and to the west its 
southward boundary coincides with the origin of northward dips from 
the slates of Hougill and Langdale fells. The coal measures and 
mountain limestone series are all affected by it ; but the red sandstone 
of the plain of Carlisle apparently not. 
Aldstone moor, — North-easterly dips characterize this mining district 
and are sensible in those of Durham and Allendale, and Blanchland, 
till we reach Tynedale, where the influence of the great dyke reverses 
the phenomena, and the strata begin to rise toward the Lammermuir. 
It is thus proved that the whole Penine region, from the Craven 
fault to the Tynedale fault, is elevated upon the axis of the Penine 
fault, with an universal dip to the east (as determined by the surface 
of the main limestone) of from sixty to one hundred feet per mile ; 
this general slope is combined with great transverse undulations, 
one of them extending far to the east and crossing the Penine fault 
to the west. It is in consequence of these undulations that the 
Penine chain, though more uniform in its aspect than most other 
considerable ranges of high ground, exhibits some local features worthy 
of notice. 
T 2 
