142 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 
First, the grauwacke region west of the Penine fault ; secondly, 
the grit, shale, and limestone country south of the Craven fault from 
Kirby Lonsdale to Wharfedale ; thirdly, the gritstone border of the 
Yorkshire coalfield extending northward to the anticlinal axis of Green- 
how , fourthly, the great Penine region from Teesdale to the axis of 
Greenhow and the Craven fault, and from the Penine fault to the mag- 
nesian limestone. 
The elevations as given in the Trigonometrical Survey of Great 
Britain are marked (O. S.), those given by Mr. Nixon (N.) the others 
depend on my own measures. 
West of the Penine fault. 
The grauwacke hills under the northern parts of the Penine escarp- 
ment rise from 1200 to 1800 feet above the sea, and are consequently 
higher than a large portion of the limestone beds in the Penine escarp- 
ment. 
Hougill and Langdale fells, part of the great range of the Westmore- 
land slate mountains, rise to their greatest elevation in the hill called 
the Calf, which according to the Ordnance Survey is 2188 feet, but 
by Mr. Nixon is stated to be 2220. Between Sedbergh and Kirby 
Lonsdale the grauwacke forms a line of round-topped peaks, of which 
the highest called Birkin is 2000 feet according to Nixon. In its east- 
\\ aid course from Kirby Lonsdale to Ribblesdale the grauwacke forms 
the base of a remarkable hollow between limestone hills, and nowhere 
attains a greater elevation than in the little valley of Wharfe and on 
the south front of Moughton fell, where, according to Mr. Nixon it is 
1166 feet high. 
South of the Craven fault. 
The insulated mass of Pendle hill, is 1803 (O. S.) or 1829 (N.) feet 
high. 
In the Bolland grit and shale districts Bleasdale forest rises to 1709 
feet (O. S.) and many other points are probably from 1200 to 1800 feet 
high. 
