160 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 
south-west, by Bolton, Clithero, and Ribchester, to the sea. Below 
Clitliero it receives, nearly at the same point, two rivers on the oppo- 
site banks whose previous courses have a reciprocity of direction ; 
the Hodder on the west and the Calder on the east flow for many 
miles parallel to each other, and to the principal stream, and both 
turn at right angles to their former courses to enter the Kibble. This 
singular analogy of direction receives an immediate explanation by 
comparing it with the anticlinal axes of Holland and Craven, which 
also range north-east and south-west. A fault probably ranges across 
Ribblesdale and occasions the rectangled deviation of the Calder and 
Hodder, for in both instances the valleys in which they first ran are 
continued to the south-west beyond the point where they turn at 
right angles. Thus there are three parallel vales determined by the 
anticlinal axes of Bolland and Craven. Ribblesdale is nowhere greatly 
contracted except between the limestone hills about Settle. The slope 
of the valley is extremely rapid from Ribble head 1000 feet above 
the sea, to Horton bridge 750 feet, and Settle bridge 410 feet. 
Drainage of Lonsdale . — Through the low country between the 
Bolland hills on the south, and Ingleborough and Graygarth on the 
north, flow the little rivers Greta and Warning. Two small rivers, 
originating on opposite side of Wharnside, run in straight dales between 
lofty scars of limestone, cross the grauwacke ridge, and meet acutely 
at Ingleton to form the Greta ; thence it proceeds due west to the 
Lune. The Warning draws most of its waters from the gritstone hills 
on the south, it flows to the W. N. W. 
Vale of the Lune or Loyne . — The river Lune collects much of 
its waters from small streams which run to the north with the slope 
of the grauwacke of Langdale fells : it is in fact a collecting drain 
for that region, and its westward course from Ravenstone dale to 
Tebay is determined by the subterranean movements which have 
uplifted the slates. At Tebay it receives some additions from the 
west and north-west, and turns due south through what may be 
looked upon as a chasm or natural fissure crossing the grauwacke 
