OF THE DISTRICT. 
165 
stone region. The hills are usually somewhat conical, with steep 
straight slopes meeting in narrow, angular, variously directed valleys; 
individually some of the grauwacke hills, as Dufton pike, Murton pike, 
and the exterior hills of Hougill fells, are magnificent objects, and in 
some points of view their combinations are pleasing in Hougill fells ; 
but they yield in grandeur to many of the limestone hills. The surface 
of the grauwacke mountains is usually green and smooth, the herbage 
coarse, in particular lines long ridges of rock rise above the general level 
in geometrical forms corresponding to the natural joints. 
Along the line of the Craven fault the grauwacke shews these natural 
joints, and also the presumed planes of stratification, very completely, 
and their highly inclined planes of division, seen under the horizontal 
beds of limestone, produce a singular effect in the picture. 1 he water- 
falls are not numerous in this district. Cautley spout in Hougill tells 
is a lofty cascade, and on Barbon beck is a low force of great beauty. 
The most interesting, however, is that in Ivingsdale near Ingleton, where 
the little stream falls over limestone and grauwacke : the latter rock 
occupies a very small space, looking like a small piece of the Westmore- 
land slate country unaccountably enclosed in a large area of Yorkshire 
limestones. ( See Diag. No. 13 , ) 
Old red sandstone .— This rock offers hardly the least comparison in 
respect of scenery with the lofty ranges and insulated hills of Mon- 
mouthshire and Glamorganshire ; it more resembles the analogous de- 
posits at the foot of the Lammermuir hills ; it is seen only in low 
ground at the base of higher strata, and is quite unimportant to the 
artist. 
Lower scar limestone.— Though this rock nowhere in Yorkshire rises 
to the highest ground, being every where overtopped by some neigh- 
bouring ridges or solitary hills of the Yoredale limestones and millstone 
„rit it is yet one of the most important and characteristic in the 
scenery of Bolland, Wharfedale, Upper Airedale, Kibblesdale, the whole 
Penine escarpment from Kirby Lonsdale to Cross fell, and on the side 
of the vale of Eden from Ravenstonedale to Shap. 
