BIRD RECORDS IN UPPER MISSOURI VALEEY 405 
ravines east of Morningside. This is believed to be the first 
record of this species in the Sioux City area. 
49. Tree Sparrow. Spisella monticola. This species did not 
seem to be present in the usual numbers during either season. 
50. Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis. The Cardinal seems to 
be holding its own at least. A trip in the proper environment 
seldom fails to list several of them in almost any season. 
51. Bohemian Waxwing. Bomhy cilia garrula. The last im- 
portant visitation of Bohemian Waxwings was in the spring of 
1917. None were noted during 1918-1919. In 1919-1920 they 
first appeared on December 16, and were seen in flocks of 
varying size throughout the winter and early spring, the latest 
date being May 4. No one reported any during March, but they 
were abundant in February, and were noted in small flocks 
throughout April. The largest flocks seen at any one time were 
estimated at about one hundred. The fact of interest is not so 
much the largeness of the flocks, as the large number of small 
flocks which were very generally distributed. 
The writer has learned, through correspondence, of the occur- 
rence of this species at other points. On December 15 a flock 
estimated at a hundred or more visited Trenton, in southwestern 
Nebraska. Miss Aiken observed a flock of about thirty at Carroll, 
Iowa, on the 25th and 26th of December ; they were feeding on 
frozen apples. Mr. N. W. Williams told me of a flock at Ames, 
Iowa, during the last week of January. A flock of about twenty 
were reported by E. W. Johns at Pierson, Iowa, from the tenth 
to the twentieth of February. 
The Bohemian seems to be chiefly frugivorous in diet in the 
winter season. I have never seen them eating seeds, and have 
searched through much literature for mention of it, but with- 
out success. In this immediate locality the most important item of 
food seems to be the fruit of the artificially planted Russian 
Olive trees in the public parks of the city. The large number 
of these trees scattered in the various large and small parks 
throughout the city no doubt plays an important part in holding 
these birds for so long a period of the winter. Among the other 
winter fruits which the Bohemian Waxwing has been observed to 
eat in this region may be mentioned the bittersweet berries, hack- 
berries, wild grapes, frozen apples, and asparagus berries. The 
use of the last named fruit was observed twice in December by 
the writer, and once in January by Mrs. Bailey, and all in dif- 
