IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 
49 
The Perisperm. The perisperm is greatly reduced and consists of several 
thick walled compressed elements, apparently structureless. The perisperm 
stains yellow with chloriodide of zinc. 
The Endosperm. The endosperm is fairly well developed and is even evi- 
dent with the naked- eye. This consists of the aleurone cells which are color- 
less, thick walled, polygonal, the contents consisting of protein and fat. The 
lower portion of the endosperm consists of compressed elements with very small 
cell cavities. 
The Emlryo. The epidermal cells both above and below are nearly iso- 
diametric; the cells underneath are elongated of palisade form, compactly ar- 
ranged; densely filled with aleurone and fat. In some cases the palisade cells 
are more evident on the upper face of the cotyledon. The number of rows varies 
from two to three. The drawings of different varieties indicate the form. The 
apple forms no exception to the rule found by one of us that where the germina- 
tion is epigaeous, palisade cells occur on the upper surface as in Leguminosae.* 
The following table shows the difference in size of the cells of the testa 
and embryo: 
THE EMBRYO. 
Upper Cotyledon 
Lower Cotyledon 
Cuticle 
Epidermal 
Cells 
Palisade 
Cells 
Cuticle 
Epidermal 
Cells 
Palisade 
Cells 
Wide 
Long 
Wide 
Long 
Wide 
Long 
Wide 
Long 
lonathan 
thick 
32.221 
27.159 
19.752 
49.380 
thin 
29.628 19.752 
24.600 
44.442 
Baldwin 
thick 
17.683 
19.758 
29.628 
46.911 
thin 
24.690 14.814 
28.221 
34.566 
Wine Sap 
thin 
22.221 
24.690 
22.221 
69.132 
thick 
22.22117.683 
17.683 
22.231 
Iowa Blush 
thick 
22.221 
14.814 
19.752 
51.849 
thin 
27. 159 1 23. 281 
19.753 
71.601 
Salome 
thick 
14.814 
14.814 
19.752 
42.373 
thin 
12.345,23.231 
14.814 
56.787 
Greening 
thin 
24.690 
22.221 
14.814 
64.194 
thick 
17.683,19.752 
24.690 
39.504 
Willow Twig ___ 
thin 
24.600 
29.638 
24.690 
34.566 
thick 
27.159 
22.231 
27.159 
46.911 
Seedling 
thick 
19.752 
29.628 
14.814 
79.008 
thin 
22.231 
23.221 
19.758 
67.063 
Sweet Apple 
thick 
19.752 
23.281 
19.752 
88.884 
thin 
23.281 
14.814 
24.690 
71.601 
Northern Spy — 
thick 
19.752 
17.683 
24.690 
29.628 
thin 
14.814 
19.752 
17.683 
42.373 
THE TESTA 
Sclerotic 
Elongated 
Epidermal 
Cells 
Parenchyna 
Parenchyna 
Endosperm 
Wide 
Long 
Wide 
Long 
Jonathan 
29.628 
42!378 
12.345 
17.683 
19.752 
39.628 
Baldwin 
14.814 
24.690 
24.690 
19.752 
74.070 
14.814 
23.221 
27.159 
Wine Sap 
14.814 
23.221 
Iowa Blush 
27.159 
34.566 
34.566 
27.159 
59.256 
17.683 
19.752 
39.504 
Salome 
14.814 
29.6'28 
14.814 
17.6831 
74.0701 
7.407 
17.683 
19.752 
Greening 
24.690 
29.628 
14.814 
22.231 
49.380 
7.407 
17.683 
19.758 
Willow Twig 
22.281 
29.628 
19.752 
22.231 
49.380 
12.345 
28.281 
24.690 
Seedling 
19.752 
29.628' 
17.683 
19.752 
67.063 
7.407 
17.683 
24.690 
Sweet Apple 
24.600 
27.159 
19.752 
23.231 
34.566 
4.938 
32.221 
39.504 
Northern Spy 
24.690 
27.159 
23.221 
27.159 
59.256 
9.876 
17.683 
27.159 
*L. H. Pammel. Anatomical Characters of the Seeds of Leguminosae, chiefly Genera of 
Gray’s Manual. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 9:91-272. pi. 7-34. 
