IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 
5S 
Lyon. The Adaptation and Improvement of Winter Wheat. Nebr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 
72 :19. 
Nobbe, P. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin 1876. 
Pammel, L. H. Anatomical Characters of the Seeds of Leguminosse, chiefly Genera of 
Gray’s Manual. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 9 :91-272. pi. 7-34. 
Pammel, Weems and Scribner. la. Geo. Surv. Bull. 1:68. 
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and Theophilus Redwood, London 1872. 303, 826. 
Stewart and Pammel. la. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull. 25 :26. 
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Tschirch. Angewandte Pflansenanatomic. 198. f. 196. 
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Diagnosis of Mixtures. N. T. 323. 
Wollny. Saat u. Pflege d. Landw. Kultur Pflansen. Berlin 1885. 
Description op Plates. 
Plate 1. The histological anatomy of the seeds of the cultivated apple (Pyrus 
malus) and wild crab apple (P. Jowensis). Figures 1, 2, 3, 5-12, Pyrus malus, figure 
4. Pyrus lowensis. Fig. I. a complete cross section of the testa inclusive of the 
endosperm of Russet Apple. In the succeeding figures all letters refer to the same 
structure, o. s. outer seed coat. i. s. inner seed coat. p. perisperm. en. endosperm, 
e. laminated epidermal cells. Sc. sclerotic parenchyma, c. cross cells, s. 1. single layer 
of starch cells. Figure 2. c. cross cells with cross striations. en. endosperm with fat 
and eleurone grains. 1. e. epidermis of the cotyledon of upper face. 1. p. palisade cells 
of the upper face of the cotyledon, u. e. epidermis of the lower face of the cotyledon, 
u. p. elongated parenchyma cells underneath. The cells of the embryo are filled with 
aleurone grains and fat. Fig. 1 Russet, fig. 2 Iowa Blush, fig. 3, Northern Spy, fig. 4 
Crab Apple {Pyrus lowensis), fig. 5 Willow Twig, fig. 6 Baldwin. 
Plate 2. Fig. 7 Jonathan, fig. 8 Winesap, fig. 9 Salome, fig. 10 Greening, fig. 11 
Sweet Apple, fig 12 Seedling. 
