IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
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Other similar ridges have been classed as paha, though their continuity with 
the larger Kansan mass is unbroken. This has arisen from the difficulty which 
has been encountered in identifying the Iowan, for in some cases certain phases 
of the Kansan undoubtedly have been referred to the Iowan. For example the 
Farley plain in Dubuque county, formerly mapped as Iowan, is now regarded by 
Calvin as Kansan, and the sandy areas adjoining or forming a part of this plain 
are clearly Kansan. 
Similarly the paha area southeast of Waverly, mapped by Norton in the 
Bremer county report, is in large part Kansan in which the ridges platted as 
paha are separated by more or less sandy plains on which no Iowan appears, at 
least in a large part of the area, as for example in sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 17 and 18, 
T. 91 N., R. XIV W. In portions of this area elevated meadows or small plains 
are covered with boulders, thus presenting an Iowan aspect, though the boulders 
are clearly Kansan unmixed with fresher drift, and inbedded in a well developed 
oxidized zone such as frequently forms the uppermost part of the Kansan. ( See 
Plate VIII, fig. 1.) 
In this portion of the state any comparatively fiat area in which boulders 
appear at the surface has been referred to Iowan, especially if loose sand is 
also present. But fiat areas of Kansan are not uncommon in the southern part 
of the state, as near Corydon, etc., and in the western part, west of the Wis- 
consin drift border. On some of these areas boulders appear at the surface, and 
Kansan surfaces without loess are not uncommon in the Kansan areas within 
or near the Iowan drift territory. (See Plate VIII, fig. 2.) 
Sandy areas likewise appear on undoubted Kansan surfaces, as for example 
on the uplands in Dubuque county southeast of Parley, Iowa (see Plate IX, fig. 
1), and the equally rough territory in sections 17 and 18, T. 91, R. XIII W., in 
Bremer county. 
These sands do not mark the Iowan, as has sometimes been assumed, but 
appear on true Kansan, sometimes presenting a sand dune structure, as in the 
territory represented in part in Plate IX, fig. 1, or they form a sandy surface 
soil. In either case no trace of loess appears, and it is very probable that in 
such areas no loess was ever formed. 
These sands may have belonged to the original Kansan, or they may have 
been washed or blown upon the areas on which they now lie from the plains 
covered with sandy Iowan debris. In either event they are genetically the same 
as the sands which are found near the Iowan drift border in Iowa, occupying 
either the surface immediately above the Kansan, or a position between the Kan- 
san drift and the upper yellow loess.* These sands were probably formerly more 
widely spread over the old Kansan area, or they may represent finer Iowan ma- 
terial. In either case they are older than the upper yellow loess, but younger 
than or contemporaneous with the Kansan. This is shown in the cut along the 
Cedar Rapids and Iowa City electric line in Jefferson township, northwest of 
Iowa City, in Iowan border territory.** 
In this case the sand lies between the lower gray post-Kansan loess, and the 
upper post-Iowan loess. Other cuts nearby show Kansan drift below this lower 
loess. Here, therefore, the succession of deposits above bed rock is as follows; 
* See Plate IX, flg. 2, and Plate XI, flg. 1. 
**See Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Univ. of Iowa, vol. V, p. 366, Plate XII, flg. 2. 
