126 
THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
them in their gardens, is to allow those that set 
the earliest, and of course neaiest the root, to 
remain ibr seed. Experience sliows that these 
are less liable to crossing and degeneracy than 
those that set later, owing, perhaps, to the num- 
ber of other blossoms teing smaller, and the 
danger of the fecundating pollen being trans- 
ported by flies, bees, &c., proportionably less. — 
One thing is clear, seedsmen cannot be too care- 
ful as to the quality of the seeds they put in the 
market. Carelessness as to the kind, or the pu- 
rity, has an inevitable tendency to destroy all 
confidence in these necessary establishments, 
without which it is scarcely possible agricul- 
ture should reach the elevated position we tiust 
it is yet destined to reach in this country. 
Albany Cultivator. 
RULES FOR BREEPING. 
Although there is a great discrepancy ol opin- 
ion upon some portions of the mysterious art 
of breeding, the following precepts, from the 
pen of one of the most distinguished anatomists 
in Europe, Professor Cline, are, we believe, 
universally received as established doctiines 
amongst those who have the best right to know; 
although dame nature sometimes amuses her- 
self in setting at naught the most ingenious 
theories of philosopheis. 
When the [wofessor objects to large bones he 
must not be misunderstood. From the bone and 
muscle strength is derived, and, we presume, 
the greater the quantity of either, the greater 
will be the strength of the animal; but the quan- 
tity is not always to be measured by size; in- 
deed, as Mr. Cline remarks, they are generally 
found in an inverse ration. In some animals a 
much greater quantity, both ot muscles and 
bone, is condensed into a much smaller space 
than in others, and this constitutes the great 
physical difference betw’een the Arabian and 
their descendants, commonly .styled “blooded 
horses, and those of other descriptions. The 
ivory of the blooded horse will always outweigh, 
though it will never out measure, the oj-en, po- 
rous bone of the ca t-horse. But where the 
density of fibre is equal, size will indicate quan- 
tity, and therefore strength, With equal qual- 
ity of bone and muscle then, the largest animal 
will always be the most powerful. With this 
commentary, we give to our reader the Profes- 
sor’s opinions [from Mr. Boti’s “Southern Plan- 
ter,”] upon the following subjects; 
“Muscles.— The muscles and tendons, vvhich 
are their appendages, should be large; by which 
an animal is enabled to travel with greater fa- 
cility. 
“The Bones. — The strength of an animal 
does not depend on the si^e of the bones, but on 
that of the mu.scles. Many animals w ith large 
bones are weak, their muscles being small. — 
Animals that were imperfectly nourished du 
ring growth, have their bones dispropo tionably 
large. If such deficiency of nourishment ori- 
ginated from a constitutional defect, which is the 
most frequent cause, they remain weak during 
life. Large bones, therefore, generally indicate 
an imperlection rn the organs of nutrition. 
“On the Lmfhovement ojp the Form. — 
When the male is much larger than the female, 
the offspring is generally of an imperfect form. 
If the female be proportionably larger, the off- 
spring is of an improved form. I'or instance, 
it a well-formed large ram be put to ewes pro- 
poriionably smaller, the lambs will not be so 
well shaped as their parer.t.s; but if a small ram 
be put to larger ewes, the lambs will be ol an 
improved form. 
“The proper method of improving the form 
of animals consists in selecting a well-formed 
female, proportionably larger than the male. — 
The improvement depends on this principle: 
that the power of the female to supply her off- 
spring with nourishment is in proportion to her 
size, and to the power of nourishment herself 
from the excellence of her own constitution. 
“The size ot the fcetus is generally in pro- 
portion to that of the male parent, and there- 
fore when the female parent is disproportiona- 
bly small, the quantity of nourishment is defi- 
cient, anti her ofispringhas all the disproportions 
of a starveling. But v\ hen the female, from her 
size and good constitution, is more than ade- 
quate to the nourishment of a foetus of a small- 
er male than herself, the growth must be propor- 
tionably greater. The large I'emale has also a 
greater quantity oi milk, and her ofl'spring is 
more than abundantly supplied with nourish- 
ment after birth. 
“To produce theraos perfect-formed animal, 
abundant nourishment is necessary from the 
earliest period of its existence until its growth 
is complete. 
“The power to prepare the greatest quantity 
of nourishment from a given quantity of food, 
depends principally upon the magnitude of the 
lung.«, to which the organs of digestion are sub- 
servient. 
“To obtain animals with large lungs, cross- 
ing is the most expeditious method, because 
w’ell formed females may be selected from a va- 
net}'^ of large size to be put to a well formed 
male of a variety that is rather smaller. 
“Examples of the Goon Effects ofCp.oss- 
ing the Breeds. — The great improvement of 
the breed of horses in England arose from cross- 
ing with those diminutive stallions. Barbs and 
Arabians; and the introduction of Flanders 
mares in this country was the source of im- 
provement in the breed of cart horses. 
“Examples of the Bad Effects of Cross- 
ing the Breed. — When it became the fashion 
in London to drive large bay horses, the farm- 
ers in Yorkshire put their mares to much larger 
stallions than usual, and thus did infinite mis- 
chief to their breed, by producing a race ol 
small-chested, long-legged, large-boned, worth- 
less animals.” — Southern Pianicr. 
ALTERING COLTS. 
The treatment of animals has arrested my at- 
tention from the time when as a boy, I have 
witnessed, in the lower part of this State and S. 
Carolina, the yeaily collection of marsh tack- 
les, calves, &c., for the purpose of mat king, 
branding, cutting out the lampas, emasculating, 
docking, &c., and to this time I have hailed 
W'ith pleasure any improvement, especially in 
the treatment of that noble animal, the horse. 
By degrees 1 have seen the barbarous practice 
of burning out the lampas and cutting out the 
hooks, give w’ay, at least among the enlighten- 
ed, to the more rational, and 1 think more cura- 
tive practice of depletion and change ol food. 
And now, having witnessed, I am induced to 
describe to you an improvement in the emascu- 
lation of the horse, which strikes ms as being 
well worthy of being generally known. 
When I came to this neighborhood a few 
years ago, 1 v/as told of a man w'ho performed 
the operation without Being the horse in any 
way, and I am free to confess that I thought it 
wms a mistake; but now, to me, seeing is be- 
lieving, although it yet appears strange. Being 
at the house of a friend on Saturday last, I had 
an opportunity ot seeing the performance under 
the following circumstances: 
A three year old colt, with a simple bridle on, 
wms backed into the corner of a worm rail fence, 
where he was held by a youth of sixteen, with- 
out any other restraint than the bridle and fence. 
The operator approached the animal wdth the 
same calm sang froid that an old bee-master 
handles a hive w'hich he is about to rob of its 
honey; going to the right side, he laid hold of 
the bag with the left hand, and with the right 
laid open one testicle, and separated it in the 
usual way, and then did the same with the oth- 
er, and so left them wntfiout any ligature; he 
then enlarged the opening in the envelop skin so 
that all the blood which came might freely fall 
off; a spoonful of lard and salt was then laid in 
to prevent an accumulation of coagulated blood 
on the parts, and he was then unbridled and 
turned loose. During the operation, there were 
no great efforts made by the horse to get away, 
and he was easily held in by the bridle; he ap- 
peared to incline towards the operator, as horses 
frequently do when they are ticked by the curry- 
comb; and once or twice he threw up the near 
hind leg as if to drive off a fly. There w^ere 
no evidences ol his suffering pain, sucli as 
groaning or the like. The man said he had 
operated on hundreds, and never lost one, or had 
been kicked but by one, and was successful 
with either old or young horses. A. S. 
Oakland S arm, Cobb co., Ga. 
Albany Cultivator. 
ANALYSIS OF INDIAN CORN. 
In our paper of March 22d, sa)'s the Ameri- 
can Farmei , we gave an analysis by Professor 
Dana, of Lowell, Mass., of Indian Com, Rula 
Baga and Potatoes, upon which, among other 
things w’e then i emarked: 
“This analysis presents one other curious 
fact — it is this — that while the corn gives over 
88 per cent of the fal-f arming principles, and the 
potato only a little over 24 per cent; that in the 
fiesh-forming principles, the potato greatly ex- 
ceeds the corn, the former yielding 2.07, where- 
as the latter only gives 1.26.” 
This discrepancy betw'een the product of fat 
and of flesh, in a grain so rich in nutrition as 
that of com, appeared to us at the time to be 
strange, and hence the remarks we then made: 
we are pleased to find by the following correc- 
tion, that the re.sult as set down by Dr. Dana, to 
the flesh-forming principles of corn was errone- 
ous; but while we make thisremark, we must be 
permitted to point to another discrepancy which 
appears between the fat forming principles as 
stated in hisnote of correction, and that given in 
his communication of February 28th. In that 
communication they w’ere stated at 88.43, in the 
present at 77.09, being a difference of 11.34, 
just the one existing between the present result, 
as regards the quantum of flesh forming princi- 
ples and that formerly ascribed to it. This 
makes the aggregate result quadrate, but does 
not account lor the error in the fal- forming prin- 
ciples, as the Doctor is silent as to how it oc- 
curred. 
To the Editor of the New England Farmer: 
Dear Sir — 1 ask leave to correct a material 
eiror in the statement of the re.sults of the ana- 
lysis of Indian corn which 1 send you, and 
which you published in your paper ol March 8, 
1843. 
1.26 should be 12.6. Deducting this number, 
the product of multiplying the nitrogen of corn 
by 6.20, from the water of vegetation and the 
salts, we have 77.09. 
The corrections thus made, the results are — 
Fleshforming principles — gluten, albu- 
men, &c 12.50 
Fatforming principles — as gum, sugar, 
starch, woody fibre. Oil, &c 77.09 
Water 9. 
Salts 1.31 
100 . 
With regard, your ob’tserv’t, 
Sam. L. Dana. 
Loicell, June 10, 1843. 
Incident. — The following singular incident, 
says the Central N. Y. Farmer, took place at 
Vernon Centre, in this county, on the premises 
ot Gary Grant, Esq., and may be relied on as a 
matter of fact. 
h heifer at the age of one year and ten days, 
brought forth a full grown and very good pro- 
portioned calf— the sire of which w'as not more 
than eleven months old at the time the calf came. 
The above fact can be proved by the affidavit 
of respectable citizens, if it is doubted by any of 
our readers. 
I^Nothing can be more touching than to be- 
hold a soft and tenaer female, who had been all 
meekness and dependence, and alive to every 
roughness, while treading the prosperous paths 
of iffe, suddenly rising in mental force to be the 
comforter and supporter of her husband under 
misfortune, abiding with unshrinking firmness 
the bitterest blasts of adversity. 
