THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
171 
mulated in masses, never ihought of as of value, 
but considered as matter of which the owners 
would most happily be quit. The method of 
disposing ol them, when they no longer could be 
tolerated, was to throw them into the river; to 
apply them to the garden or farm was not once 
thought of. Not long since, in one of our villa- 
ges, I noticed a garden, the vegetables of which 
had a luxuriance forming a striking contrast to 
others near them, and the cause of the dilierence 
was asked. “It is all owing to the refuse of 
that clothier’s and carder’s shop,” was the repl}'. 
“1 saw' in the Cultivator a notice ol the value of 
such manures, and the owner of the shops glad- 
1}' availed himself ot my offer to remove it at 
my expense. 1 gavemv gai.'en a good ■. ressing 
and as this is the second yea>’, you may j ' dge of 
the value of the manure. It is piobabiy tnelast 
I shall obtain, however,” he added, “as the mill 
owners, after seeing its effect on my garden, are 
now as anxious to save this refuse matter as 
the}' w'ere to get rid of it.” The oil}' or sweaty 
matter on unwashed w'ool, is a soapy substance 
hav'ing a base of potash, with an excess of oily 
matter with slight traces of the carbonate and 
muriate of potash, all valuable as manures; and 
as all are easily soluble in water, such w'ater 
shoull nev'er be lost. A wool merchant at 
Montj .elier, had his washing house in the midst 
of a field, the greater part ot w'hich he had, by 
the use of this wash, with which he watered his 
plants, transformed into a fine garden. The 
experiments made by Judge Buel and by Mr. 
Bement, with hog’s bri.stles and horn shavings, 
were conclusiv'e as to the value of these sub- 
stances for manures. In short, as all substances 
of this nature are nc arly pure pelatine, wuth a 
slight addition ol the phosphates ol lime, it is 
evident their decay must furnish an abundant 
supply ol ammonia to plants, and therefore ren- 
der them valuable as a manure. 
LiaUID MANURE. 
There is but one other manure of animal 
orign to which it w’ill be necessary to allude in 
this place, and that is urine, or as it is common- 
ly called liquid manure. Analysis proves that 
this is a substance peculiai’ly rich in materials 
required by plants, and experience enforces the 
results of analysis; yet not one farmer in a 
thousand makes an effort to convert this mine of 
riches to any account, but the w’hole is most 
generally lost to him. Dr. Dana gives the fol- 
lowing as the comstituents of cattle urine, which 
may stand as the type of all others, though hu- 
man urine and that of the horse differ from this 
in the character and quantity of some of the 
salts contained in them; 
Water 65. 
Urea 5. 
Bone dust 5. 
Sal ammoniac and muriate of potash.. 15. 
Sulphate of potash 6. 
Carbonate of potash and ammonia 4. 
100 . 
VALUE OP URINE. 
Compared with cattle dung, it will be seen 
that w’hile that gives only 2 lbs. of carbonate of 
ammonia to 100 lbs. of dung, the urine gives 5 
lbs. of ammonia in its urea, and nearly three 
times that amount in the other ammoniacal 
salts. One-third of urine is composed of salts, 
whose action on vegetation is of the mo.st ener- 
getic and fav'orable kind; and yet there are thou- 
sands who call themselves pretty good farmers, 
who use all reasonable precaution to preserve 
the solid parts of their animal manures, that 
have never made an effort to save that which is 
ol far the greatest value, the liquid part. But 
it must not be forgotten that soils must contain 
decayed organic matter or humus for these salts 
to act upon, otherwise liquid manure or pure 
urine can do no good. Where the wash ot the 
barnyard and stables is saved, the loss of a large 
part of the urine is prevented; but w'hen, as is 
too often the case, this is wholly lost, not only 
is the urine thrown away, but a large part of 
the soluble humus of the manure accompanies 
it. It is an excellent plan, therefore, to have 
some reservoir for the reception of such liquid 
matters as would otherwise be lost. If "this 
cann it be done, cover the bottom of your yards 
with muck, or even common loam, as this tvill 
absorb and retain much ol the urine and liquid 
matters of the dung. Experience has demon- 
strated that a load of loam, saturated with urine, 
has a more powerful effect on vegetation, than 
the same quantity of best rotted stable manure. 
Human urine is richer in salts useful to vegeta- 
tion than any other, containing, according to 
Dr. Thompson, in 1000 parts 42i lbs. of salts. 
The slightest attention on the part of the farmer, 
might prevent the loss of this; and many a load 
of swamp muck, or loam mixed with gypsum, 
might, when saturated with urine, be added to 
his a.'ailable manures. Liquid manures, or 
rather urine, differs much m the salts it con- 
tains, according as the food is rich or otherwise. 
“White turneps give a weaker urine than the 
Swedish, and green grass is w'orse than either,” 
according to Dr. Dana. Turner and Liebig 
found that the urine of fattening animals is 
richer in salts than that of store animals. In- 
deed, the law so well known with regard to so- 
lids, that the richer the food the more valuable 
the dung, it is probable holds good in regard to 
the urine also. 
SOOT. 
Soot is a valuable manure, peculiarly rich in 
humus as well as salts, and in its composition 
more nearly allied to the solid substance of ani- 
mals, than any thing else. It contains of hu- 
mus or geine 30.70, of nitrogen 20 , and of salts 
of lime 25.31 parts in 100. It also abounds in 
salts of soda, potash and ammonia. According 
to the analysis of Dr. Dana, 100 lbs. of soot 
contains as many ol the valuable salts as a ton 
of cow dung, and its nitrogen, compared with 
manure, is as 40 to 1. The ordinary farmer 
can make but little use of soot, as it is not to be 
had in the country in any considerable quanti- 
ties; but those in the vicinity of cities may avail 
themselves of this manure with much profit. 
For the gardener or the floriculturist, soot is an ! 
excellent manure; but care must betaken not to 
use it too freely, as we have known tender gar- 
den plants at once destroyed by too liberal ap- 
plications ol it, particularly in a dry state. — 
Mixed with water, in the proportion of six 
quarts of soot to one hogshead of water, it has 
been found a most efficacious liquid for water- 
ing plants, particularly those grown in green 
houses. 
ASHES. 
Ashes, leached or otherwise, are cf great val- 
ue as a fertilizer, especially when used on soils 
that are sandy or light. Unleached, the potash 
contained goes to form silicate of potash, and 
gives the supply of silex necessary for the 
stems of the grasses or corn; and leached, al- 
though the potash is the greater part of it sepa- 
rated, the remaining phosphates of lime and 
magnesia go far to restoring to the fields on 
which such ashes are strewn, the necessaiy' mat- 
ters of which previous cropping has deprived 
them. 100 parts of the ashes of the wheat grain 
contain 32 parts of soluble, and 44 parts of in- 
soluble phosphates, in all 76 parts. The value 
of ashes abounding in the required phosphates, 
when used on grain lands, may be seen at once, 
as well as the folly of those farmers who waste 
or sell the ashes produced in their dwellings. 
[To be continued.] 
GEOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS. 
The primitive earths are four; clay, sand, 
lime and magnesia. 
Clay is called, by geologists, alumnia, alum- 
nine, or argilaceous earth. 
Sand is called silex, silicious earth, earth of 
flints. 
Lime, as it exists in the soil, is commonly 
called calcareous earth. The term calcareous 
is not properly applied to any soil, unless it will 
effervesce with acids. 
Each of these earths, answer a determinate 
and specific purpose in the economy and growth 
of plants, and the perfection of soil lies in a 
mixture of the whole. 
Vegetable matter. — All vegetable substances 
in a decaying or rotten state. 
Animal matter. — All animal substances in a 
putrifying state. 
Organic matter. — A term applicable to both 
animal and vegetable substances in a putrify- 
ing state. 
Vegetable mould — The earthly remains of 
vegetable substances which have either grown 
and decayed on the soil, or have been conveyed 
thither in the progress of cultivation. 
Loam is a combination of vegetable mould 
with the primitive earths. 
Marl is a substance consisting of lime with a 
small portion of clay, and sometimes of peat, 
with marine sand and animal lemains. It is 
useful as manure, and is distinguished by shell, 
clay and stone marl. 
From the American Farmer. 
HOTS IN HORSES— aiLRRAIN IN CATTLE. 
It is the duty of every person who has any ex- 
perience in the treatment of diseases in that no- 
ble and useful animal, the horse, to communi- 
cate to the public. 
It was my province, a fewyears since, to have 
much to do with that noble animal, and of course 
among the number in my posse.ssion, I would 
find a number that woulabe diseased, and very 
often my skill and experience would be taxed to 
find a remedy for some of the diseases to which 
they Avould be very often subject. 
The most formidable disease to which this 
noble and useful animal is addicted, and there 
is none more alarming in its attacks, isthebots. 
I had consulted the highest authorities in the 
veterinaiy’ art for the treatment of this disease, 
and faithfully used the remedies laid down, 
without any benefit. I was induced from inter- 
est, and also for the very high regard which th^ 
noble animal, the horse, held in my estimation, 
to use every expedient in my possession, to cure 
this formidable disease. I had another motive; 
I had lost several very fine horses by this dis- 
ease, which induced me to use and try every ex- 
periment which my ingenuity could invent, to 
arrest this disease among my horses, and pre- 
vent, if possible, its recurrence among them. 
I am satisfied and feel convinced that I will 
offer to the public an infallible remedy for the 
bots. 
Some six I'ears since, I purchased a very fine 
horse, but he had the appearance of laboring 
under some disease. I commenced a course of 
treatment, which I thought would relieve him, 
and which I had pursued in the treatment ol 
some other horses \. hich had the appearance ol 
being diseased in a similar manner to the above 
mentioned horse, with decided relief; but in this 
case all my remedies failed ol their desired ef- 
fect. 
I was induced to try the use of lime in the 
treatment of this case, as I was confident he 
i was filled with grubs or bots, as he had discharg- 
ed several. I commenced by giving a table 
spoonful of slacked lime three times per week, 
in bread mashes. After pursuing this course 
for near two weeks, the bots began to pass off in 
quantities varying from ten to twenty, which he 
would expel during the night, from his intes- 
tines. In the meantime his appetite began to 
improve; and in six weeks he was one of the 
finest looking geldings I ever saw. From that 
day to this, I have kept up the use of lime among 
' my horses with decided benefit. As an evidence 
oi its good effects, I have not lost a horse since 
I began to use it. 
A large number of the bots which he would 
expel from his intestines, had the appearance of 
being dead. I was induced from this fact, to 
put some of them in a strong solution of lime- 
water; as I had frequently put them in spirits of 
turpentine,wilhout producing any effect on them, 
but all those that I put into lime were perfectly 
dead in eight and forty hours. 
Lime is a certain preventive in keeping cat- 
tle from taking the murrain. As an evidence 
