THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR. 
157 
mously awarded it to Maj. Elias Earle, jr., of I 
Greea'/ille, for his Mule, 1 year and 4 months 
old. P... VV. Gibbes, Chairman. 
The Committee on Hogs, respectfully report, 
that they have diligently examined a very large 
number of various breeds of hogs, and mosthigh- 
ly creditable to any country. 
For the best Boar, over lyearold, they award 
to Maj. J. M. A. Turpin, of Greenville, for a 
Berkshire and Lancashire cross— not without a 
most favorable notice of a strong competitor in 
a Berkshire, the property of the Hon. J. R. Poin- 
sett. 
For the best Sow, over 1 year old, to Dr. C. 
B. Stone, of Greenville, for his Berkshire. 
For the best Boar, under 1 year old, to Dr. A. 
B. Crook, of Greenville, for his Berkshire. 
For the best Sow, under 1 year old, to Col.D. 
Hoke, of Greenville, for his Berkshire. 
Geo. Seaborn, Chairman. 
The Committee on Sheep make the following 
Report ; 
They have examined three pens of Sheep, be- 
longing to Dr. Crook, S. M. Earle and Mr. 
Stone. Whilst they would recommend mostla- 
vorably all exhibited, they award as follows; 
Fur the best Ram, to Dr. Crook — Bakewell 
and Southdown, (bred by Col. Hampton.) 
For the best Ewe, to S. M. Earle — Bakewell, 
(bred by Col. Hampton.) 
B. Dunham, Chairman. 
These Reports were severally received, and 
the President made the distribution. 
Hon. J. B. O’Neall was now called upon, and 
made his Address. And, on motion ol General 
Thompson, the Society returned him thanks for 
its ability, and requested its publication, which 
was so agreed. 
On motion of the Hon. J. B. O’Neall, Hon. J. 
R. Poinsett was requested to take the Chair ol 
the President, and Col. Brooks introduced the 
following re.solulion. 
Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be 
returned to the President for his ability and im- 
partiality in the discharge of his duties; and to 
the Secretary, for his diligence in the discharge 
ofhis labors. 
The President, on resuming the Chair, re- 
sponded to this compliment with much feeling, 
and took his seat. The Secretary added, “ that 
he would only say, no occupation in his life af- 
forded him so much pleasure as the discharge of 
his duties as Secretary.” 
On motion of Hon. J. B. O’Neall: 
Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be 
tendered to Mr. Smith, for his “Labor-saving 
Plow,” and that it be recommended to the favo- 
rable notice of the farmers. 
Dr. Gibbes moved that the thanks of the So- 
ciety be returned to the Methodist Church, for 
the use of their building. 
James B. Davis, Rec. Sec, 
The Farmer’s First Lesson in Ceymis- 
TRY. — A class has been formed at a place down 
in Hampshire (Punch does not feel called upon 
to speak more explicitly) for the study of agri- 
cultural chymistry. The plan for instruction is 
catechetical. The following lesson is lounded 
on the responses, as reported to Punch by nis 
own correspondent, delivered at one of its receat 
meetings. Mistakes, they say, afford often a 
valuable lesson. If so, it is hoped that the les- 
son subjoined will be of great value : 
“ Chymistry is keepun’ a doctor’s shop. An 
atom is a mossel o’ zumraut ; a bit o’ dust or 
zaud, loike. The weight of an atom is the heft 
on un. Light is accordun as it med be: day- 
light, moon-light, or candle-light. Heat is that 
are as comes out o’ the vire.” 
To the question, “What are the phenomena 
of heatl” the reply was, “Dooan’t ’zactly 
know what you manes, zur. The effect of heat 
is, rooastun’ mate, bilin’ taters; burnin’yervin- 
gers if you gels too close to ’t. Lightnin’ is a 
thunderbolt failin’ out o’ the clouds ; a thunder- 
bolt is a thing like a clinker. An acid is any 
zqrt o’ zour stuff, like vinegar or varius. An 
alkali is a foreigneerun’ name yar zummit or 
other, may be for a pig. Potash is ashes from 
under a pot. Soda is stuff as washerwomen 
uses. Ammonia is one o’ them fine names as 
yer gentlefolks gives their darters. If you puts 
zulphuric acid to lime, and makes zulphate o’ 
lime, why, of course, if you adds it to wuts, 
(oats) you gets zulphate o’ wuts. A zimple bo- 
dy means a zimpleton, like Zilly Billy at the 
poorus. The laws of chymical union is like the 
laws of any other Union, pretty strictish, and o’ 
coorse every chymical union has got a beadle. 
Chymical affinity, attraction, cohesion, compo- 
sition, decomposition, analysis, synthesis, is a 
parcel of outlandish gibberish. Justus Liebig 
is zome Vrenchman.” 
The foregoing statements, we imagine, exhi- 
bit some slight discrepancy with the views of 
Faraday ; but as the agricultural mindexpands, 
its ideas ol chymical science will very likely 
become rather more accurate. — Punch. 
Steam Plows. — A manufacturer in Cincin- 
nati, has forwarded to St. Louis a plow that is to 
be driven by steam, for turning up the prairies 
of Illinois. 
WAGES OF FARM LABORERS IN ENGLAND. 
The wages (per year) paid in the count}^ of 
Northumberland, as given by several gentlemen 
familiar with the subject, to the parliamentary 
committee, are as follows : 
First Example. 
36 bushels of oats, 
24 “ barley, 
12 “ peas, 
3 “ wheat, 
3 “ rye, 
36 to 40 bushels potatoes, 
A cow’s keep for a year, 
Cottage and garden, 
Coals from the pit, 
A4 in cash. 
Second Example. 
10 bushels of wheat, 
30 
u 
oats. 
10 
barley. 
10 
(( 
rye, 
10 
(( 
peas. 
A cow’s keep for a year, 
800 yards of land for potatoes, 
Cottage andgaiden, 
Coal, 
£3 lOs. in cash, 
2 bush, barley in lieu of hens. 
Third Example. 
36 bushels of oats, 
24 “ barley, 
11 “ peas, 
6 “ wheat, 
1000 yards of land for potatoes, 
A cow’s keep, 
House and garden, 
Coal, 
£5 in cash. 
The Scotch laborers seemed to me, from a 
very limited observation, strongly attached to 
their employers. On one farm, where I had the 
pleasure of'visiting, one of the laborers had been 
in the employ of the same family forty years, 
and another sixty ; to each of whom, although 
their labor now was of little value, the farmer 
continued the same rate of wages which they had 
in early life. This, indeed, would seem to be 
no more than just, that the honest laborer, whose 
life had been spent in the service of another man, 
should not be turned adrift in his old age ; but, 
alas ! how rare is justice ! 
The condition of the laborers in this country 
is a subject of such deep concern to the commu- 
nity, on the ground of pecuniary profit, as well 
as philanthropy and justice, that I shall again 
revert to it. The common wages of farm labor, 
vary for men, from five shillings to twelve shil- 
lings per week; but 1 think a fair average 
would be eight to nine shillings sterling. A 
shilling may be reckoned at twenty-four cents, 
so that the monthly wages for a man may be put 
down at eight dollars and sixty-four cents. This 
is the whole, where labor is paid for ia money, 
excepting as a matter of kindness, the farmer 
generally brings the coals for his laborer. 1 am 
not yet able to speak ot the condition of things 
in Scotland, but it is constantly boasted that ta_e 
education of the Scotch laborer is always provi- 
ded for, and that, in point of instruction, they are 
far supeiior to the English. This remains for 
me to see. — Caiman's First Report on European 
Agriculture. 
From the New Genesee Farmer. 
WHEAT CULTURE. 
Wheatland Farming. 
The following article, by our esteemed friend, 
Wm. Garbutt, ot Wheatland, we are sure will 
be read with interest and profit by many of our 
readers, and will prove of more value to some 
than many times the cost ot this paper lor a 
year. Mr. Garbutt, as is well known, is one of 
the oldest and best practical farmeis in the pure- 
ly wheat region of Western New York. His 
style of writing is peculiarly cbaiacteristic, 
evincing deep thought, as w’ell as great practical 
experience. He is more used to wielding the 
plow than the pen, and depends more on his own 
observation and experience for guidance in his 
business, than on the theories and speculations 
of others; although he is not dogmatical, like 
many possessed of less knowledge, nor is he um 
willing to be taught even through the columns 
of an agriculturaf paper. On the contrary, he 
has alwa3's been a warm friend of such publica- 
tions — and, as past volumes of the Genesee Far- 
mer w’ill show, he has ever been willing to com- 
municate the results ofhis experience, whenev- 
er bethought his brother farmers might be bene- 
fitted thereby. 
The opinions set forth in the following article 
are entitled to the highest consideration, howev- 
er widely they may differ from those of other in- 
telligent farmers. Mr. Garbutt makes no claim 
to infallibility, however, and he does not wish 
or expect every farmer to adopt his opinions. 
His object is to elicit experiments and discus- 
sion, and induce other farmers to give publicity 
to their opinions on questions relating to their 
profession. 
We think w’e discover one or twm slight mis- 
takes in his article — ^^particularly in reference to 
the manufacture of manure; but we pass the 
matter for the present, in hopes that some other 
experienced practitioners wdll send us their 
views on these subjects. B. 
Mr. Bateham — I am glad to find the discus- 
sion of the best method of raising wheat, and 
the most profitable system of farming, introdu- 
ced into the Genesee Farmer. The interchange 
of views and opinions by practical farmers is 
the surest way to arriim at the truth, and believ- 
ing it to be the duty of everyone to contribute 
something to the general stock, I will take the 
liberty to give my view-s on the subject. 
1 differ from those who believe that plowing 
in clover and sowdng the ground alternately 
with wheat, is the most profitable course of farm- 
ing, or the best method of raLing w'heat. I con- 
sider pasturing the clover two seasons with, 
sheep more profitable to the farmer, more enrich- 
ing to the soil, and more beneficial to the whegt 
crop, than plowing it under. I will endeavor to 
give my reason for this opinion, and leave it for 
the cultivators of the soil, for the next ten years, 
to decide w'hether my views are corre :t. 
It is w-ell known to many farmers that dried 
vegetables, such as hay, straw and stalks, make 
more and much richer manure by being fed to 
animals, to say nothing of the profit of keeping 
the stock. But green vegetables, and particu- 
larly clover, are not much itnproved (as ma- 
nure) by feeding, as they do not require the 
heat, moisture, nor the same amount of fermen- 
tation to prepare them for the food of plants 
and it is the economy of nature that nothing is- 
lost ; vegetables are the food for animals, and 
the breath and droppings of animals are the food 
of growing plants. But to my wheat growing. 
Let us suppose that A. B. and C. have each 
100 acres ot good land, in equal condition for 
producing wheat, together w’ith sufficient grass 
land for keeping the teams and other necessary 
