36 OF THE SANDSTONES. 
coal, composed of grains of sand united by a cement of clay or 
carbonate of lime, passes through the central and western parts of 
England, where it is known by the name of red-marle or new- 
red-sandstone. It embraces mines of rock salt and gypsum. 
4. Above the new-red-sandstone other sandy strata occur, 
which are sometimes consolidated into a rock. 
5. A very ancient sandstone extends from the Tennessee line 
through a part of Ashe, Yancey and Burke counties, along the 
Linville river and mountain to the Catawba. It alternates with 
clay-slate, and has associated with it beds of limestone. The 
same kind of rock is seen on the French Broad, about, and below 
the Warm Springs. Prof. Troost calls this last grau-wacke. 
6. A formation of sandstone associated with clay-slate enters 
North Carolina from Virginia by the bed of Dan river, and tra- 
versing Rockingham and part of Stokes, ends near Germanton. 
It embraces at least one bed of anthracite coal. 
7. A long bed of sandstone commencing in the northern part 
of Massachusetts, stretches with some interruptions, through the 
intervening states into South Carolina. It approaches within a 
mile of the University on the east, and occupies a breadth of about 
sixteen miles on the road leading to Raleigh. It contains beds 
of bituminous coal in Chatham. 
8. About Fayetteviile and perhaps elsewhere in the low coun- 
try, are more recent sandstones, that have sometimes solidity 
enough to admit of their being employed in building. 
9. Other beds and varieties of sandstone are found amongst 
the Alleghany mountains and in the western states. 
What kind of relation do these different sandstones bear to 
each other ? Is any individual amongst the strata of England of 
the same age with a corresponding German or American rock ? 
Has it been produced by the same causes ? It is not easy to 
furnish an answer to these questions that shall be altogether 
satisfactory. 
Werner distinguished certain varieties amongst the sandstones 
in the neighborhood of Freyburg. He classed them by their 
mineral characters and geological relations, and designated them 
by the names they bore amongst the German miners ; for which 
however others were afterwards substituted. Of these the Rothe- 
todte-liegende or red-dead-lier, the most ancient of the sandstones 
that fell under the observation of Werner, has been rendered 
particularly famous by the controversies to which it has given 
origin. 
Freyburg was for a time the great geological school of Europe, 
to which young men resorted from the British islands as well as 
from distant parts of the continent, for the purpose of acquiring 
a knowledge of the science. They there became acquainted with 
the different kinds of sandstone distinguished and described by 
Werner, and when they afterwards entered the field of observa- 
tion, were anxious to find the same rocks, or rocks to which the 
