OIDEMIA FUSCA. 
Velvet Scoter. 
Jnas fusca, Linn. Faun. Suec., p. 39. 
Melanetta fusca, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564. 
Oidemia fusca, Flera. Phil, of Zool., vol. ii. p. 260. 
Anas fuUginosa, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl., tom. iv. p. 962, tab. 36. 
Fuligula fusca, Bonap. Syn. of Birds of United States, p. 390. 
The marine clucks figured In this work under the generic title of Oidemia are rendered prominently distinct 
from all the other members of the numerous family of birds to which they belong, by the deep-black velvet-like 
colouring of the males. The species pertaining to our fauna are three in number, of which the Velvet Scoter 
is the largest and in every respect the most powerful. It not only frequents the seas and estuaries of the British 
Islands, but is also found on the shores of all parts of Europe, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, and 
is probably identical with the Velvet Scoter inhabiting the sea-coast of the eastern side of North Ame- 
rica. Although the Scoters have wings sufficiently powerful to enable them to fly with vigour when 
necessitated so to do, they are most at home on the water; and their natural feeding-ground is the 
bottom rather than the surface ; for they neither eat fluviatile grasses and floating weeds, like the 
Shoveller, nor seek their food on the open marsh, like the Widgeon ; their whole structure is adapted 
for diving, and their gizzards for crushing the hard shells of the mollusks and crustaceans which they 
search for on the sandy ridges at the bottom of the sea within soundings. In such situations they brave 
the severest storms ; and there they may be seen in small companies of from six to ten or twenty in 
number, at one moment descending to the bottom for food, and at another rising to take air, battling 
with the turbulent waves and piercing winds. To the seas of the British Islands, however, the Velvet 
Scoter only resorts in winter, arriving in October and November, and departing in April and May. 
During its sojourn here, it sometimes ascends rivers such as the Kibble and the Thames. During 
the severe winter of 1866-7 a splendid old male was killed at Cookham, in Berkshire ; and many other 
instances of its occurrence inland might he cited ; but these instances of departure from the normal habits 
of the bird ai-e quite exceptional. Although it leaves the coast entirely at the approach of summer, and 
takes up its quarters in freshwater lakes for the purpose of breeding and rearing its young, it never resorts 
to any of our Highland Lochs, but seeks the more peaceful solitudes of Lapland, Finland, and Archangel, 
the nursery of the young of so many of our rarer birds ; there it is that the old spend their summer, breed, 
shed their feathers, and assume a new livery of velvety black or brownish black, according to tbe sex. By 
the time this change is effected the young are able to fly, and have become sufficiently strong to leave their 
upland homes for the sea, and gradually proceed on their journey southward, until both the parents and their 
broods arrive, and again enliven our shores with their presence in autumn. In America, a similar movement 
takes place ; for there, as with us, the Velvet Scoter, if it be really the same, frequents the temperate seas in 
winter, and retires northward to Newfoundland and Labrador in summer. Audubon, who found them breeding 
there, has given a minute description of their proceedings. 
The above is a slight and general account of the habits and mode of life of the Velvet Scoter, respecting 
which, as seen with us, much has been written, but not, I believe, generally read ; this remark, however, does 
not apply to the professed ornithologist ; for he is perfectly acquainted with the bird, and therefore I 
cannot teach him anything. 
St.John in his ‘Tour in Sutherlandshire ’ says: — “The heavy but handsome Velvet Ducks ride quietly on 
the sea in small companies, at the distance of about two hundred yards from the shore, apparently keeping over 
some ridge of sand or other feeding-ground, down to which they are continually diving. These birds drift along 
with the tide, till it has carried them beyond the place where they feed ; then they rise, and fly back for some 
distance, looking more like Blackcocks than Ducks; and dropping again into the water, they continue their 
diving till the tide has drifted them beyond the end of their feeding-ground ; and this they do again and 
again.” 
For the following interesting note respecting this species, I am indebted to the kindness of Captain Elwes of 
the Scots Fusilier Guards: — “I find, on referring to my notes, that a male Velvet Scoter killed by me near Strom- 
ness on the 15th of April 1865, had the legs and toes pinkish magenta on the inner, and orange-red on their 
outer surface ; the interdigital membranes slaty black ; the eyes light bluish white ; the colour of the bill is not 
described, as I was not at that time so particular respecting the colours of the soft parts. The bird is very com- 
mon in Gutter Sound between tbe islands of Faray and Hoy, and is found there in flocks of from two or three to 
