COLYMBUS GLACIALIS, 
Great Northern Diver. 
Colymbus glacialis, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 221. 
Immer, Linn, ibid., p. 222. 
torquatus, Briinn., no. 134. 
glacialis, maximus et hiemalis, Brehm, Handb. der Naturg. Vdg. Deutschl., pp. 970, 971, 972. 
Mergus major, Briss. Orn., tom. vi. p. 105, pi. 10. fig. 1. 
ncBvius, Briss. ibid., p. 120, pi. 11. fig. 2 (adult). 
Eudytes glacialis et Immer, 111. Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 283. 
Cepphus Imber et Lomvia, Pall. Zoog. Ross.-Asiat., tom. ii. pp. 344, 345. 
The Colymbus glacialis stands at the head of a genus, the members of whieh are so strictly confined to the 
northern hemisphere that none are found south of the line, neither do any of them proceed nearer the 
equatorial region than the latitudes of Madeira or Teneriffe ; but to the northward of these they abound. 
In all the seas surrounding the British Islands, and especially in the firths and salt-water lochs of the eastern 
and western parts of Scotland, they may be seen, courageously breasting the waves, or making lengthened 
dives in search of the fish, crustaceans, and mollusks upon which they principally live ; and there seems little 
reason to doubt that the bottom of the seas round our coasts and the beds of our tidal rivers are as closely 
searched for these kinds of food as the fields or furzy commons are by the Harrier for small quadruped 
and birds, or the ploughed lands by the Peewit for worms and insects. 
The bony structure and the dense adpressed plumage of the Great Northern Diver especially adapting it 
for an aquatic life, it seldom resorts to the land except at the season of reproduction, when it becomes 
necessary for it to seek the shore for the purpose of depositing and hatching its eggs. This duty performed, 
the parents conduct their little brood, as soon as they have acquired sufficient strength to battle with the 
waves and resist the dashing of the breakers, to that element on which they are destined to dwell, and where 
they remain until, like their progenitors, they are prompted to reproduce their kind, for which purpose they 
retire to countries further north, such as Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, the inland waters 
of Davis’s Straits and Baffin’s Bay, and the fur-countries of America. In all these localities it is known to 
breed in greater or smaller numbers. From Mr. Alfred Newton’s Notes on the Ornithology of Iceland we 
learn that a pair or two breed on nearly every lake in that country ; they arrive about the first week in 
May, and towards the end of August begin to show themselves on the sea, where, it appears, they remain 
all the winter. When the shores of the boreal regions become ice-bound, and the straits entirely frozen 
over, the Great Northern Diver is of necessity obliged to migrate to more genial latitudes, where a supply 
of its natural food is still procurable ; and hence it is that such numbers are seen around our islands in the 
seasons of autumn and winter. That the birds here found do come from the far north, I think we have 
convincing evidence in the circumstance of an example killed on the Irish coast having an Esquimaux’s arrow 
sticking through its neck. 
There is, probably, no genus of birds which has so puzzled the ornithologist with regard to the changes in 
their plumage as the Divers, and of them none more than the present species. We are all aware that the 
Grebes are subject to a seasonal change, and that their fine tippets and ear-plumes are characteristic of the birds 
in summer. Ducks and Cormorants undergo the like decorations and changes ; and I am certain that the 
Divers are similarly influenced, and that those parts of the birds which are adorned with markings of black and 
white are thrown off and replaced by a totally different dress in winter ; but we frequently find, at that season, 
individuals which are as beautifully decorated as in spring and summer. Can these be birds which have not 
yet bred, and have anticipated the time in which the nuptial dress is ordinarily assumed ? I think it likely 
this is the case ; and I believe that Mr. Gatcombe, of Plymouth, who has paid considerable attention to the 
subject, is of the same opinion as myself ; it would be well, however, if those who may be favourably situated 
for observation would endeavour to throw some additional light upon it. That the bird never attains its 
fine spotted plumage during the first autumn of its existence, and that it carries its grey dress until at least 
the second year, is, in my opinion, more than probable ; and hence it is that so large a number occur in 
a costume characteristic both of winter and of immaturity. 
The food of this voracious feeder appears to be of a varied character ; for while it is said to feed upon 
herrings, sprats, and all the other kinds of fish of a similar size the sea affords, it also eats crustaceans and 
shelled mollusks. When it visits the fresh waters, few birds, I presume, are more destructive : Mr. Bond 
informs me that one, procured on the reservoir at Naseby in Northamptonshire, vomited thirty-one roach Avhen 
taken into the boat. Its diving-powers are wonderful, and it is with the greatest difficulty the bird can be 
