COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALI S, Linn, 
Red-throated Diver. 
Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 220. 
striatus, Gmel. edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 586. 
stellatiis, borealis, et Lumme, Briinn. Orn. Bor., nos. 130, 131, 132. 
septentrionalis, Lumme, et borealis, Brehm, Handb. der Naturg. aller Vog. Deutsch., pp. 976, 978, 979. 
rufogularis, Meyer, Taschenb. Deutschl., tom. ii. p. 453. 
Mergus minor, Briss. Orn., tom. vi. p. 108, pi. 10. fig. 2. 
gutture rubro, Briss. ibid., p. Ill, pi. 11. fig. 1. 
Plotus claudicans. Scop. Ann. Hist.-Nat., tom. i. no. 93. 
Eudytes septemtrionalis. 111. Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 283. 
Cepphus septentrionalis, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., tom. ii. p. 342. 
If a census of the Cohjmbi could be taken, it would probably be found that the Individuals of this species 
far exceed in number those of the other members of this truly northern form, since the bird is distributed 
far and wide, from the most northern regions that have been explored to the latitude of the Mediterranean, 
south of which its appearance must be regarded as accidental. On our own seas and in all the inlets and 
bays of our coasts it is to he found at one season or the other ; in like manner it frequents the inland tarns 
and deep fjords of Norway, Lapland, Sweden, and Iceland, goes as far north as Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, 
and also inhabits Davis’s Straits, Baffin’s Bay, and Greenland. In the inland lochs of these countries, as 
well as in many of our own, it breeds and spends the summer months, feeding as readily upon trouts and 
other fish of the fresh water as it does when at sea upon those of the ocean. At this season the bird is in 
its finest dress ; the sun is now at the zenith, and all nature smilingly bows to his benign influence. Soon 
after this period the feathers become worn and abraded ; and although the faded plumage is carried until 
the end of July or the beginning of August, a moult gradually takes place, and, by the time the birds which 
have bred have conducted their young to the salt waters, many new white feathers have appeared on the 
throat and neck, and in an incredibly short time the winter garb is assumed. With the assumption of 
its new livery, the bird commences its usual mode of life in its winter quarters : instead of among lacustrine 
plants, it now fishes over beds of kelp and beautiful corallines (where they occur) ; while the young betake 
themselves to sand-banks, bays, and the sheltered inlets which indent the coast, and gradually accustom 
themselves to the sea ; for at first they are, of course, more feeble than the adults, and less capable 
of resisting the turbulence of the waves. At this period they are carrying their speckled plumage above, 
with a snow-white under surface, their general appearance being very similar to, but prettier or more 
spangled with white than that of the adult. In all probability, when these youthful birds assume the red 
throat and grey neck for the first time, they put on these hues earlier in the year than those which have bred. 
If this view he the correct one, it may account for our finding individuals thus coloured at a period when we 
do not expect it ; indeed I cannot assign any other reason for this seeming precocity. At all seasons, 
whether it be that of spring, when the fully adult birds have red throats, grey cheeks, and striated manes, or 
that of winter, when they are brown and white, the sexes are alike. The young at first are clothed with a 
thick, nearly blaek, hairy down ; in the next state the feathers of the upper surface are brown-spangled, 
and streaked with white. In some instances the specimens hearing these spangled feathers are also adorned 
with red throats ; but I have skins in which this red mark is clear and well defined, while the stellatlons of 
the back are entirely absent : these latter are doubtless very old birds. 
Of the occurrence of this bird in the British Islands it will be quite unnecessary for me to say a word for 
the information of professed ornithologists ; hut I may state to those who do not pay such close attention 
to the subject, that it breeds on many of the inland waters of Scotland and Ireland, and the Hebrides 
or Western Islands. 
“ In the end of spring,” says Macgillivray, “ the Red-throated Divers, having paired, retire northward, 
the greater nuinher probably betaking themselves to the Arctic Regions, although very many remain to breed 
by the inland lakes of the Highlands, Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands. In Lewis, List, and Benhecula, 
which are singularly intersected by arms of the sea, and covered with pools and lakes, great numbers are seen 
during the breeding-season. The sea being at hand, they usually fish there, returning at intervals to the lakes 
until incubation has commenced. The nest is placed on an island or tuft, or among the herbage near the 
margin, or even on the stony beach of a lake or pool, and is composed of grass, sedge, and heath, or other 
easily procured plants, generally in small quantity, and neatly put together. The eggs, in so far as I am aware, 
are always two ; hut it is stated that three frequently occur. They are of an elongated-oval form, the two 
