runch-markod coins of Hindustan, ^a. 
189 
1890.] 
with three similar symbols round it, and the symbol is evidently ono 
familiar to the men who fashioned these stones and crosses, and wore 
fond of both the ‘ swastika ’ and ‘ triskolis ’ as ornaments on their 
work. 
The solar wheel is the commonest Symbol on the coins, and fig. 262 
is a solar wheel of identical character from a rudo stone at Knockando, 
Morayshire (S. S. S. Vol. 11, PI. CV, fig. 1.) On one of tlio three 
stones fignred, which seem to belong to the same period is a Runic 
inscription of the rudest class, dating perhaps from the ninth century. 
On many sculptured stones, the sun is also clearly indicated as a rayed 
globe. (S. S. S. Vol. I, PI. LYII, LVIII, and Vol. II, PI. XLVIII.) 
The ‘ lingum' or emblem of Mahadev Ro. 13, of this paper (fig. 186,) is too 
well-known to need description, but this symbol is not only far from rare 
in Scotland, but gives rise (as I hoj)o to .show) to the most characteristic 
ornament, on these stones, designated commonly by the feeble and un- 
meaning term of the ‘ spectacle ’ ornament. Fig. 263 is from a stone at 
Kintradwcll, Southcrlandshiro, (S. S. S. Vol. II, PI. CIV,) and no doubt 
can exist that it represents a ‘ lingum.' On other stones, more ornate but 
equally obvious examples occur. (S. S. S. Vol. I, PI. IX and LV and a 
simpler foimi at PI. CXIII.) 
Symbol No. 3 (fig. 129) I have termed ‘Twin spheres,’ believing 
them to represent the sun and moon, but there is little doubt that fig. 
264, the well-known ‘ spectacle ’ mark is intimately related to it, and in 
the case of the Scottish symbol there is no doubt it is compounded of 
two ‘ lingums ’ combined or joined together by their ‘ spouts.’ There is a 
great diversity of ornamentation and detail as regards this symbol, the 
simplest form and that which nearest approaches the Indian symbol is 
fig. 264, being from the Wemyss Caves (S. S. S. Vol. I, PI. XIV, of the 
illustrations, fig. 2.) Another simple form, showing the conti-al line 
down the ‘ lip ’ is seen on a stone at Logie, in the Garioch (S. S. S. Vol. 
I, PI. Ill, fif. 1.) A very ornate form occurs on a stone at Rosemarkie 
Ross-shire (S. S. S. PI. CVI.) Each half of the symbol contains nine 
spheres (the central one being common to both sides) an allusion perhaps 
to the nine months of prenatal life enjoyed by man. Rut the example 
which most incontestibly proves the identity of the ‘ lingum and ‘ Spec- 
tacle mark ’ occur, on a stone at Dyce, Aberdeenshire (S. S. S. Vol. I 
PI. IX, fig. 1.) On this stone occurs the single ‘ lingunv ’ with the ‘ lip ’ 
enlarged into an oblong projection filled with an ornamental pattern. 
The ‘ lingum ’ stands in a circle, and alongside of it, is the same symbol, 
twinned or duplicated by the addition of another similar circle which 
converts it into the ordinary ‘ spectacle ’ omament. In each case the 
central 'lingum' is beyond question, and snrrouadiag it, and between it 
