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INTRODUCTION. 
of the upper mandible projecting over the lower ; the nostrils basal, with a large suboval opening. Wings rather 
long, reaching to the middle of the tail, much rounded, with the fifth and sixth quills equal and longest. Tail 
rather long, broad, and rounded, the feathers slightly incurved, and the shafts more or less denuded at their tips. 
Tarsi much longer than the middle toe, and protected anteriorly by broad scales. Toes strong, and armed with 
well-curved, acute claws, that of the hind toe specially so. 
Genus SPHENCEACUS, Strickland. New Zealand and Australia. 
Gen. char. — Bill short, and more or less strong, with the culmen more or less curved, and the sides com- 
pressed to the tip, which is entire or slightly emarginated ; the gonys long and ascending; the gape furnished 
with very short weak bristles ; the nostrils basal, placed in a membranous groove, with the opening lunate, exposed 
and partly closed by a scale. Wings short and rounded, with the fourth and fifth quills equal and longest. Tail 
long, graduated on the sides, with more or less filamentous webs. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, strong, 
and covered in front with broad scutellations. Toes lengthened and slender, with the lateral toes nearly equal, the 
outer united at its base ; the hind toe long, and armed with a long claw. 
Family MOTACILLID.ZE. Pipits. 
Genus ANTPIUS, Beclistein. Cosmopolite. 
Gen. char. — Bill more or less straight and slender, with the culmen almost straight or slightly curved, and 
the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the lateral margins straight and inflected ; the gonys long 
and ascending ; the nostrils lateral, placed in a short broad groove, with the opening rounded and partly closed by 
a membrane. Wings moderate, with the first three quills equal and longest. Tail moderate and emarginated. 
Tarsi longer than the middle toe, rather slender, and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Toes long and 
rather slender; with the lateral toes equal, and the outer one slightly united at its base; the hind toe long; the 
claws of the anterior toes rather short and curved, and that of the hind toe very long and acute. 
Family CAMPEPHAGTDiE. Caterpillar-eaters. 
Genus GRATJCALUS, Cuvier. Africa, Oriental Region, and Australia. 
Gen. char. — Bill short, and broad at the base, with the culmen rather depressed, slightly curved, and the 
sides gradually compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long and slightly ascending ; the gape 
furnished with a few short bristles ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and concealed by the frontal plumes. 
Wings moderate, with the first quill short, the second shorter than the third, and the third more or less shorter 
than the fourth, which is the longest. Tail long, broad, and rounded on the sides. Tarsi short, the length of the 
middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, the inner toe shorter than the outer, which is 
united at its base ; the hind toe moderate and broad, padded beneath ; the claws moderate, compressed, and 
curved. 
Family MUSCICAPID-E. Flycatchers. 
Genus RHIPIDURA, Vig. & Ilorsf. New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, India, and 
Indo-Malayan Islands. 
Gen. char. — Bill moderate, broad at the base, and narrowing towards the end, with the culmen rather 
depressed and curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the lateral margin straight ; the gonys long and slightly 
ascending, and the gape furnished with numerous lengthened bristles; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly 
covered by the plumes and bristles. Wings long and rather pointed, with the first quill short and the fourth and 
fifth the longest. Tail lengthened, broad, and graduated. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, and covered in front 
with broad scales. Toes short, with the outer one longer than the inner, the hind toe long, and the claws 
moderate, curved, compressed, and acute. 
