C AI 
CvES 
Jussieu. Essential character ; calyx five- 
parted, tlie lowest segment longer, and 
slightly arched ; stamen woolly at tlie base ; 
petals five; legume compressed. There 
are eight species, of which C. elata is a tree 
with bipinnate leaves of seven pairs; the- 
leaflets fifteen pairs, quite entire, minute: 
flowers large, and of a yellow colour : fila- 
ments very dark puiple, villose at the base. 
It is a native of India. C- pulcherrima, the 
Barbadoes flower fence, rises with a straight 
stalk ten or twelve feet high : it is covered 
with a smooth grey bark: it divides into 
several spreading branches at the top, arch- 
ed at each joint with two short, strong, 
crooked spines. The branches are termi- 
nated by loose spikes of flqwei’s, which are 
sometimes formed into a kind of pyramid, 
and at others they are disposed more in form 
of an umbel. The peduncle of each flower 
is nearly three inches long. The petals are 
roundish at the top ; they spread open, and 
are beautifully variegated with a deep red 
of orange colour, yellow, and some spots of 
green, and have a very agreeable odour. 
Ibis beautiful plant is a native of both Indies. 
It is planted in hedges to divide the lands 
in Barbadoes, whence it has the name of 
flower-fenCe. 
CAESAR, in Roman antiquity, a title 
borne by all the emperors, from Julius 
Caesar to the destruction of the empire. It 
was also used as a title of distinction for tlie 
intended or presumptive heir of the empire, 
as king of the Romans is now used for that 
of the German empire. This title took its rise 
from the surname of the first emperor, C. 
Julius C®sar, which, by a decree of the 
senate, all the succeeding emperors were to 
bear. Under his successor, the appellation 
of Augustus being appropriated to the em- 
perors, in compliment to that prince, the 
title Caesar was given to the second person 
in the empire, though still it continued to 
be given to the first ; and hence the differ- 
ence betwixt Caesar used simply, and Csesar 
with the addition of Imperator Augustus. 
CjESARIAN section, in midwifery, a 
chirm’gical operation, by which the foetus 
is delivered from the womb of its mother, 
when it cannot be done in the natural way. 
See Midwifery. 
CjESULIA, in botany, a genus of the 
Syngenesia .Eqnalis. Receptacle chaffy; 
seeds involved in the chaff; calyx three- 
leaved. Two species; viz. C. axillaris, a 
native of the East Indies, and C. radicaus, a 
native of Guinea. 
CiESURA, in the ancient poetiy, is when, 
in the scanning of a verse, a word is divided 
so, as one part seems cut off, and goes to a 
different foot from the rest ; as, 
Mentilri no\li, nun\quani Tne7i\dacia \ pro- 
sunt. 
where the syllables ri, li, quam, and men, 
are caesuras. 
Caesura more properly denotes a certain 
and agreeable division of the words between 
the feet of a verse, whereby the last syl- 
lable of a word becomes tlie first of a foot; 
as in 
Arma vinwiqtte cano, Trojm qui primus 
ab 07^8. 
where the syllables no and jt® are emsuras. 
C^SDRA, or C^ESURE, in the modem 
poetiy, denotes a rest, or pause, towards 
the middle of an Alexamhine verse, by 
which the voice and pronunciation arc aided, 
and the verse, as it were, divided into two 
hemistichs. In Alexandrine verses of twelve 
or thirteen syllables, the ciesure must always 
be on the sixth ; in verses of ten, on the. 
fourth; and in those of twelve on the sixth : 
verses of eight syllables must not have any 
caesure. 
CjETERIS parihiis, a Latin term, often 
used by mathematical and physical writers, 
file words literally signifying “ the rest, or 
the other things, being alike, or equal.” 
Thus we say, the heavier the bullet, “ caeteris 
paribus,” the greater the range : i. e. by how 
much the bullet is heavier; if the length 
and diameter of the piece, and the quantity 
and strength of the powder be the same, by 
so much will the utmost range or distance 
of a piece of ordnance be greater. Thus 
also, in a physical way, we say, the velocity 
and quantity of the blood circulating, in a 
given time, through any section of an artery, 
will, “ cseteris paribus,” be according to its 
diameter, and nearness to, or distance from 
the heart. 
CAILLE (Nicholas Lewis de la), in 
biography, an eminent French mathemati- 
cian and sistronomer, was born in the dio- 
cese of Rheims in 1713. His father having 
quitted the ai-my, in which he had served, 
amused himself in his retirement with 
studying mathematics and mechanics, in 
which he proved the happy author of seve- 
ral inventions of considerable use to the 
public. From this example of his father, 
our author almost in his infancy took a fan- 
cy to mechanics, which proved of signal 
service to him in his maturer years. At 
school he discovered early tokens of genius. 
He next came to Park in 1729, where he 
