CAL 
the decoction reddened vegetable blues, it 
is possible that the lime was in combination 
with malic acid. 
CALAMANCO, a sort of woollen stulF 
manufactured in England and in Brabant. 
It has a fine gloss, and is chequered in the 
warp, whence the checks appear only on 
the right side. Some calamancoes are quite 
plain, others have broad stripes adorned 
with flowers ; some with plain broad stripes, 
some vVith narrow stripes, and others wa- 
tered. 
CALAMARI/E, in botany, the name of a 
third order in Linnaeus’s “ Fragments of a 
Natural Method.” This order will be easily 
distinguished from the family of grasses, by 
recollecting, 1. That the base of the leaf, 
which embraces the stalk like a glove, has 
no longitudinal aperture in plants of this 
order, Ijut is perfectly entire ; 2. The stalk 
is generally triangular, and without knots or 
joints ; 3. The flowers have no petals. 
CALAMINARIS, or lapis calaminaris, 
a mineral containing zinc, united with 
iron and other substances. It is heavy, 
hard, and brittle, or of a consistence be- 
tween stone and earth. The colour is 
whitish or grey, sometimes inclining to yel- 
low, and sometimes to black. It is found in 
great plenty in many parts of Europe ; but 
the best is obtained in this counti-y. It sel- 
dom lies deep, and in many parts it is found 
mixed with lead ores. Calamine is the only 
true ore from which zinc is obtained by 
calcination. See Ztsc. 
CALAMUS, in botany, a genus of the 
Hexandria Monogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order Tripetaloideae. Palmae, Jussieu. 
Essential character: calyx six-leaved; co- 
rolla none ; berry dried, one-seeded, imbri- 
cate backwards. According to Martyn, 
there is but one species, though Loureiro 
has discriminated six ; viz. C. i otang, rat- 
tan, has a perennial stem, quite simple or 
unbranched, without any tendrils: leaves 
alternate, sublanceolate, quite entire, scarce- 
ly a foot long ; flowers commonly herma- 
phrodite, almost terminating on one spadix 
or more. The rattan seems to form the 
connecting link between the palms and the 
gramineous plants, having the flower of the 
former, but the habit of the latter. The 
palm called raphia has the embryo placed 
in the same manner, namely, on a lateral 
cavity of the horny albumen ; in the fruit 
and spadix it agrees nearly with this in 
form, only they are much larger : the flowere 
differ but little, except that they are mo- 
CAL 
noecous, as the flowers of the rattan pro- 
bably are. 
CALCAR corollce, in botany, the spur of 
the corolla. The nectarium so called, which 
terminates the corolla behind, like a cock’s 
spur, in valerian, orchis, violet, balsam, 
larkspur, &c. 
CALCEOLARIA, in botany, a genus of 
the Diandria Monogynia elass and order. 
Natural order of Corydales. Scrophulariae, 
Jussieu. Essential character ; corolla rin- 
gent, inflated; capsule two-celled, two- 
valved; calyx four-parted, equal. There 
are seven species, of which C. pinnata, pin- 
nated slipper-wort, has an annual root; 
stem erect, two feet high, round, brittle, 
with a thick down, and from sixteen to 
twenty joints ; flowers from each top and 
stalk double; corollas yellow; upper-lip 
subglobular, inflated, emarginate in front, 
witli a cleft for the prominent anthers ; cap- 
sule thin, from a swelling base, diminishing 
to a pyramidal top ; seeds very small, al- 
most cylindric, streaHed; native of Peru, in 
moist places. 
CALCINATION, in chemisti-y. A sub- 
stance is said to be calcined when it has 
been exposed to heat of a sufficient inten- 
sity to drive off every thing volatile, but 
short of that by which it might be fused : 
a calx, therefore, was formerly understood 
to be a pulverulent substance, no longer 
combustible, or capable of further altera- 
tion by fire than that of vitrification. As 
most metals were found to be reducible to 
such a form by the continuance of the melt- 
ing heat, the term “ calces of metals ” was 
long appropriated to them, and is still par- 
tially retained, though it has been chiefly 
supplanted by the more characteristic ap- 
pellation of oxide, which expresses the pe- 
culiar change that occurs in metallic bodies 
by the absorption of oxygen. Calcination 
expresses the mode by which, in metals, 
this change is produced, and oxydation the 
circumstance of change. It is, however, 
improper to consider the term calcination 
as synonymous with oxydation, even in 
speaking of metals, since, the former term 
implies the agency of fire ; whereas oxyda- 
tion may he produced as well by the actioii 
of acids, as by heat and air. 
CALCITIJAPA, in botany, a genus of 
the Tetrandia Monogynia class and order : 
calyx four-cleft; corolla four-cleft; berry 
four-seeded. There are twelve species, 
found in both Indies, Cochin-China, and Ja- 
pan. 
