CAL 
CAL 
Lastly, the three summer months take their 
etymology; the first, Messidor, from the 
appearance of the waving ears of corn and 
the golden hai'vests which cover the fields 
from June to July ; the second, Thermidor, 
from the heal, at once solar and terrestrial, 
which inflames the air from July to August ; 
the third, Fructidor, from the fruits gilt and 
ripened by the sim from August to Septem- 
ber. Thus, the whole twelve months are, 
AUTUMN. 
Vendemaire 
Brumaire 
Frimaire. 
SPRINCi. 
Germinal 
Floreal 
Prairial. 
WINTER. 
Nivose 
Pluviose 
Ventose. 
SUMMER. 
Messidor 
Thermidor 
Fructidor. 
From these denominations it follows, that 
by the mere pronunciation of the name of 
the month, every one readily perceives 
three things, and all their relations, viz. the 
kind of season, the temperature, and the 
state of vegetation : for instance, in the 
word Germinal, his imagination will easily 
conceive, by the termination of the word, 
that the spring commences ; by the con- 
struction of the word, that the elementary 
agents are busied ; and by the signification 
of the word, that the buds unfold them- 
selves. 
As to ths names of the days of the week, 
or decade of 10 days each, which they have 
adqpted instead of seven, as these bear the 
stamp of judicial astrology and heathen my- 
thology, they are simply called from the 
first ten numbers : thus, 
Primi 
, Sextidi 
Duodi 
Septidi 
Tridi 
Octidi 
Quartidi 
Nonidi 
Quintidi 
Decadi. 
In the almanac, or annual calendar, in- 
stead of the multitude of saints, one for 
each day of the year, as in the Popish ca- 
lendars, they annex to every day the name 
of some animal, or utensil, or work, or 
fruit, or flower, or vegetable, &c., appro- 
priate and most proper to tlie times. . 
Cai.endar, astronomical, an instniment 
engraved upon copper-plates; printed on 
paper, and pasted on board, with a brass 
slider which carries a hair, and shows, by 
inspection, the sun’s meridian altitude, right 
ascension, declination, rising, setting, am- 
plitude, &c. to a greater exactness than our 
common globes will shew. 
Calendar of prisoners, a list of (he 
names of the prisoners in the custody of the 
respective sheriffs of counties. 
CALENDARIUM flora;, among ^ bota- 
nists, a calendar, containing an exact re- 
gister of the respective times, in which tlie 
plants of any given province, or climate, 
germinate, expand, and shed their leaves 
and flowers, and ripen and disperse seeds. 
CALENDER, a machine used in manu- 
factories, to press certain woollen and 
silken stuffs, and linens, to make them even, 
smooth, and glossy, or to give them waves, 
or water tliem, as may be seen in mohairs 
and tabbies. This instrument is composed 
of two thick cylinders, or rollers, of very 
hard and polished wood, round which the 
stuffs to be calendered are wound : these 
rollers are placed crossways between two 
very thick boards, the lower serving as a 
fixed base, and the upper moveable, by 
means of a thick screw, with a rope fas- 
tened to a spindle, which makes its axis : 
the uppermost board is loaded with large 
stones cemented together, weighing 20,000®. 
or more. It is this weight that gives the po- 
lish, and makes the waves on the stuffs 
about the rollers, by means of a shallow 
indenture or engraving cut in it. 
CALENDS, a Roman chronology, the 
first day of each month, so called from the 
Greek xkXeiv, to proclaim : it being cus- 
tomary on those days to proclaim the num- 
ber of holy-days in each month. The ca- 
lends were reckoned backwards, or in a re- 
trograde order : thus, the first of May be- 
gins the calends of May; the 30 th of April 
was the second of the calends of May ; the 
29th, the 3d, &c. to the 13th where the 
ides commence ; which are also numbered 
in a retrograde order to the 5th, where the 
nones begin, and these are numbered after 
the same manner to tlie first of the month, 
which is the calends of April. 
CALENDULA, in botany, the mari- 
gold, a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia 
Necessaria class and order. Natural order 
of Compositae. Corymbiferae, Jussieu: 
receptacie naked, flat ; calyx many-leaved, 
nearly equal ; seeds of tlie disk membrana- 
ceous. According to Martyn there are 
fourteen species, but Gmelin enumerates 
twenty-five. The flowers are commonly 
solitary and terminating. Many of the 
species are herbaceous and natives of the 
Cape of Good Hope. Of the garden.inari- 
