CAL 
CAL 
Natural order of DumosEe. Vitices, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character : calyx four- 
cleft ; corolla four-cleft; berry four-seeded. 
There are seven species, of which C. Ame- 
ricana, American callicarpa, is a shrub 
from four to six feet in height ; calyx cy- 
lindric ; corolla funnel-form ; germ supe- 
rior. Native of North America ; also of 
Cochinchina, which shows the impropriety 
of the trivial name. 
CALLIGONUM, in botany, a genus of 
the Dodecandria Tetragynia class and or- 
der. Natural order of Holoraceas. Poly- 
goneae, Jussieu. Essential character : ca- 
lyx five-parted ; corolla none ; filaments 
about sixteen, slightly united at the base ; 
germ superior, four-sided ; nut one-celled, 
with a crust that has several wings, or many 
bristles. There are three species. The 
first is a native of America, the second of 
Egypt and Barbary, and the third of Co- 
chinchina. 
CALLIONYMUS, in natural history, 
dragonet, a genus of fishes of the order Ju- 
ghlares. Generic character; eyes vertical, 
approximated ; gill- covers shut, with a 
small aperture on each side the neck ; gill- 
membrane six-rayed ; body naked ; ventral 
fins very remote. There are seven'species, 
of which we shall notice, C. lyra, or gem- 
meous dragonet, so called from the pecu- 
liar form of its first dorsal fin, the shape of 
Which bears a fancied resemblance to that 
of an ancient lyre or harp. It is a native of 
the Mediterranean and Northern Seas, and 
measures about 12 inches in length. Like 
most other fishes, the dragonet varies 
slightly in colour in different individuals, 
and at different seasons of the year. Mr. 
Pennant describes tlie pupils of the eyes to 
be of a rich sapphirine blue ; the irides fine 
fiery carbunele ; the pectoral fins light 
brown ; the side-line straight; the colours 
of the fish yellow, blue, and white, making 
a beautiful appearance when fresh taken. 
The blue is of inexpressible splendor ; the 
richest caerulean, glowing with agemmeous 
brilliancy ; the throat black. C. dracuncu- 
lus, or sordid dragonet, is nearly allied to 
the preceding ; a native of the Mediterra- 
nean and Northern Seas ; both are number- 
ed with the edible fishes, and are supposed 
to live principally on worms and sea-in- 
sects. 
CAI.LISIA, in botany, a genus of the 
Triandria Monogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Ensat®. Junci, Jussieu. Es- 
sential character : calyx three-leaved; pe- 
l;als thrge ; anthers double ; capsule two- 
celled; There is but one species, viz. C. 
repens, creeping callisia. It is a native of 
the West Indies, in low, moist, shady 
places. Here it flowers in June and July. 
CALLITRICHE, in botany, a genus of 
the Monandiia Digynia. Natural order of 
Holorace®. Naiades. Jussieu. Essential 
character : calyx none ; petals two ; cap- 
sule two-celled, four-seeded. There are 
two species, viz. C. verna, vernal star-wort, 
or star-headed water-chickweed, and C. 
autumnalis, autumnal star-wort. These are 
very common in ditches and standing wa- 
ter, and is sometimes so thickly matted 
together, that one may walk upon it with- 
out sinking. 
CALLUS, or Callosity, in a general 
sense, any cutaneous, corneous, or os- 
seous hardness, whether natural or preter- 
natural : but most frequently it means the 
callus generated about the edges of a frac- 
ture, provided by nature to preserve the 
fractured bones, or divided parts, in the si- 
tuation in w'liich they are replaced by the 
surgeon. 
CALM, in sea-language, is when there 
is no wind stirring. 
That tract of sea, to the northward of the 
equator, between 4“ and 10“ of latitude, 
lying between the meridians of Cape 
Verde, and of the easternmost island of that 
name, seems to be a place condemned to 
perpetual calms : the winds that do exist 
being only some sudden uncertain gusts of 
very small continuance, and less extent. 
The Atlantic Ocean, near the equator, is 
very much subject, nay always attended 
with these calms. 
A long calm is often more fatal to a ship 
than the. severest tempest, for if tight and 
in good condition, she may sustain the 
latter without much injury, whereas in a 
long calm, the provision and water may be 
entirely consumed, without any opportunity 
of obtaining a fresh supply. Calms We 
never so great on the ocean as on the Me- 
diterranean, because the flowing and ebbing 
of the former keep the water in continual 
agitation, even where there is no wind; 
w’hereas there being no tides in the latter, 
the calm is sometimes so dead, that the sur- 
face of the w'ater is as clear as a looking- 
glass ; but such calms are generally the 
presages of an approaching storm. On the 
coast about Smyrna, a long calm is said to 
be prognostic of an earthquake. 
CALODENDRUM, in botany, a genus of 
the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Essential character : corolla spreading, five* 
