CAL 
CAL 
few of the properties, and effects of caloric, 
as far as the subject has been hitherto in- 
vfestigated, it now only remains for us to 
mention the different metliods by which ca- 
loric may be evolved or made sensible, or 
the different sources from which it may be 
obtained. These sources may be reduced 
to five : it radiates constantly from tlie sun ; 
it is evolved during combustion ; and it is 
extricated in many cases by percussion, 
friction, and mixture. The sources of heat, 
then, are the Sun, Combustion, Percus- 
sion, Friction, Mixture, which see. See 
also Capacity. 
CALORIMETER, in chemistry, an in- 
strument contrived by Lavoisier and La 
Place for measuring the comparative quan- 
tities of caloric in bodies. 
CALTHA, in botany a genus of the Po- 
lyandria Polygynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Multisiliquae. Ranunculaceae, 
Jussieu. Essential character: calyx none ; 
petals five ; nectary none ; capsule several, 
many seeded. There is but one species; 
Kiz. C. palustris, marsh marigold. This is 
the first flower that announces the spring in 
Lapland, where it begins to blow towards 
the end of May. The variety with very 
double flowers is preserved in our gardens 
for its beauty. 
CALTROP, in military affairs, an instru- 
ment with four iron points, disposed in a 
triangular form, so that three of tliem are 
always on the ground, and the fourth in the 
air. They are scattered over the ground 
where the enemy’s cavalry is to pass, in 
order to embarrass them. 
Caltrop, in botany, the English name of 
the tribulus of botanists. SeeTRiBULus. 
CALVARY, in heraldry, a cross so 
called, because it resembles the cross on 
which our Saviour suffered. It is always 
set upon steps. 
CALVINISTS, a sect of Christians who 
derive their name from John Calvin, an 
eminent reformer, who was born at Nogen 
in Picardy, in the year 1509. He first 
studied the civil laws, and was afterwards 
made professor of divinity at Geneva, in the 
year 1536. 
The name of Calvinists seems to have 
been given at first to those who embraced 
not merely the doctrine, but the church 
government and discipline established at 
Geneva, and to distinguish them from the 
Lutherans. But since the meeting of the 
synod of Dort the name has been chiefly 
applied to those who embrace his leading 
views of the gospel, to distinguish them 
from the Arminians. The leading principles 
taught by Calvin were the same as those of 
Augustin. The main doctrines by which 
those who are called after his name are dis- 
tinguished from the Arminians are reduced 
to five articles ; and which, from their being 
the principal points discussed at the synod, 
of Dort, have since been denominated the 
five points. These are predestination, par- 
ticular redemption, total depravity, effec- 
tual calling, and tlie certain perseverance of 
the saints. 
1. They maintain that God hath chosen 
a certain number of the fallen race of Adam 
in Christ, before the foundation of the world, 
unto eternal glory, according to his immu- 
table purpose, and of his free grace and love, 
without the least foresight of faith, good 
works, or any conditions performed by the 
creature ; and that the rest of mankind he 
w'as pleased to pass by, and ord.ain to dis- 
honour and wrath for their sins, to the 
praise of his vindictive justice. 
2. They maintain that tliough the death 
of Christ be a most perfect sacrifice and sa- 
tisfaction for sins of infinite value, abun- 
dantly sufficient to expiate the sins of the 
whole world ; and though on this ground 
the gospel is to be preached to all mankind 
indiscriminately, yet it was the will of God 
that Christ, by the blood of the cross, should 
efficaciously redeem all those, and those 
only, who were from eternity elected to 
salvation, and given to him by the Father. 
3. They maintain that mankind are totally 
depraved, in consequence of the fall of the 
first man, who, being their public head, his 
sin involved the corruption of all his pos- 
terity ; and which corruption extends over 
the whole soul, and renders it unable to 
turn to God, or to do any thing truly good, 
and exposes it to his righteous displeasure, 
both in this world and that which is to 
come. 
4. They maintain that all whom God hath 
predestinated unto life, he is pleased in his 
appointed time effectually to call by his 
word and spirit, out of that state of sin and 
death in which they are by nature, to grace 
and salvation by Jesus Christ. They admit 
that the Holy Spirit, as calling men by the 
ministry of the gospel, may be resisted ; 
and that where this is the case “ the fault is 
not in the go.spel, nor in Christ offered by 
the gospel, nor in God calling by the gos- 
pel, and also conferring various gifts upon 
them ; but in the called themselves. They 
contend, however, that where men come at 
the divine call, and are converted, it is not 
