CAM 
CAM 
cavry a weight of 150 pounds. This animal 
can abstain from water four or five days, 
and may be supported on the coarsest food, 
and that in very small quantity. Wlien ir- 
ritated, it endeavours to bite, and ejects an 
acrimonious and caustic saliva. Its flesh 
is fat, and excellently flavoured. 
C. vicugna, or purplish-brown camel, 
abounds in the highest mountains of the In- 
dies. It is smaller and more slender than 
the former, and tamed only with consider- 
able difficulty. It will bear small burdens. 
Its hair is of admirable softness and silki- 
ness on the breast, particularly wavy and 
woolly, and extending three inches in 
length. It is wrought into cloth of the most 
delicate fineness and beauty. The vicug- 
na and the paco, another species of the ca- 
mel, are botli caught by the Peruvians by 
the simple process of stretching across the 
narrow passes of the mountains a cord, 
witli bits of wool attached to it, at small 
distances, and waving in the wind, which, 
by the terror or fascination it excites, con- 
fines them as effectually as bars of iron. 
CAMERA obscura, in optics, a machine 
representing an artificial eye, wherein the 
images of external objects are exhibited 
distinctly, in their native colours, either in- 
vertedly or erect. See Optics. 
CAMERARIA, in botany, a genus of the 
Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Contortae. A pocineae, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character : contorted ; fol- 
licles two, horizontal ; seeds inserted into 
their proper membrane. There are two 
species, of which C. latifolia, bastard man- 
geneel, is an elegant tree, about thirty feet 
in height, abounding with an acrid milky 
juice; flowers small and white; follicles 
brown, bivalve in their structure, but not 
opening. Native of Cuba, Jamaica, and 
Domingo. 
CAMP, the ground upon which an army 
pitch their tents. It is marked out by the 
quarter-master-general, who appoints every 
regiment their ground. 
CAMPAIGN, in the art of war, denotes 
the space of time that an army keeps the field, 
or is encamped, in opposition to quarters. 
CAMPANACEiE, in botany, bell-shaped 
flowers. The name of the twenty-ninth 
order in “ Linnaeus’s Fragments of Natural 
Method.” There are two sections : 1. bell- 
shaped flowers, with distinct anthers or sum- 
mits : 2. bell-shaped flowers, witli anthers 
united into a cylinder. The plants of this 
order are generally herbaceous and peren- 
nial. Some of the bell-flowers and bind- 
weeds are annual ; and a few foreign species 
of the latter have woody stalks. 
CAMPANULA, in botany, a genus of 
the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Carnpanaceae. Campanu- 
lace®, Jussieu. Essential character: corolla 
bell-form, the bottom closed wdth stamine- 
ferous valves ; stigma tlrree-cleft ; capsule 
inferior, gaping, with lateral pores. There 
are seventy-eight species, most of them 
natives of our own country, well known in 
the gardens and fields. 
CAMPANULACEiE, in botany, the 
fourth order of the ninth class of Jussieu’s 
natural orders, so called from their affinity 
to the genus Campanula. Jussieu gives 
them the following character: calyx supe- 
rior, border divided; corolla inserted on the 
upper part of the calyx, border divided; 
stamens inserted under the corolla ; anthers 
eitlier distinct or united; germ glandular 
above ; style one ; stigma either simple or 
divided ; capsule most commonly five-celled, 
often many-seeded, and generally opening 
at its sides; seeds fixed to the interior 
angle of the cells; stems generally herba- 
ceous; leaves most frequently alternate; 
flowers distinct, or in a few instances aggre- 
gate, and enclosed in a common calyx. 
CAMPHOR is a principle of vegetables, 
which, in many of its properties, resembles 
the volatile oils. Like them it is odorous, pun- 
gent, volatile, inflammable, sparingly solu- 
ble in water, and abundantly soluble in al- 
cohol. It differs from tliem principally in 
its concrete form, in its peculiar odour, in 
its relation to the acids and alkalis, and the 
results of its decomposition by heat. Cam- 
phor is a principle contained in many vege- 
tables, especially the aromatic plants, and 
even those of our own country, as pepper- 
mint, rosemary, marjoram, and others : it 
appears to be volatized in combination 
with their essential oil in the process of dis- 
tillation, and, when these are long kept, is 
deposited in a crystalline form. 
The camphor of commerce is procured, 
however, from a particular plant, tlie laurus 
camphora, a native of the east of Asia. It 
exists ready formed in the wood of this 
tree, can be seen interspersed through it 
in vesicles, and can be picked out. It 
then forms what has been named native 
camphor. It is usually procured, however, 
by the process of sublimation. The wood 
of the stem and branches, cut into small 
billets, is exposed wdth a little water to a 
moderate heat, in a kind of alembic, to the 
head of which is adapted a capital in which 
