CANDLE. 
The C. cochlearia, or crested boat-bill, is 
principally found in places near the water. 
It is a native of South America, particularly 
abounding in the northern parts of it. 
Perching on trees which overhang the 
brooks and rivers, it darts down on the fish 
swimming underneath, which constitute its 
chief food. It is supposed, but not ascer- 
tained, tliat it feeds also upon crabs. 
CANDLE, a small taper of tallow, wax, 
or spermaceti ; the vrick of which is com- 
monly of several threads of cotton, spun 
and twisted together. 
There are two sorts of tallow-candles ; 
the one dipped, the other moulded ; tire 
former are the common candles. 
Tallow candles should be made of equal 
parts of bullock’s and sheep’s fat. The cot- 
ton made use of in the manufacture of can- 
dles comes from Turkey. This is first 
wound into rather a fine thread, which is 
cut into proper lengths, and five, six, or 
more united, so as to make it of a fit size 
for the candle required. The machine for 
cirtting the cotton is a smooth board fast- 
ened on the knees, and the upper surface is 
the blade of a razor, aad a round piece of 
cane, placed at a certain distance from one 
another, according to the length of the cot- 
ton wanted. The cotton is carried round 
the cane, and being brought to the razor, is 
instantly separated from the balls. The 
cotton is then made smooth by pulling, and 
spread at equal distances, on rods about 
half an inch in diameter, called broaches. 
The tallow is melted, and after it is well 
skimmed, it is brought to the mould, in 
which the cottons are dipped. The work- 
man holds three of these broaches between 
his fingers, and immerses the cottons into 
the melted tailow ; these he afterwards 
hangs up till they become cold and hard, 
during which others are dipped. When 
cold they are dipped a second and a third 
time, and so on till the candles are of the 
proper size. During the operation the 
tallow is kept to a proper temperature by 
means of a small charcoal fire. An invention 
of modern date has taken off much of the 
labour of the tallow-chandler : this consists 
of a beam with fixed pullies, round which 
ropes are made to pass, and on one end 
of the ropes can be suspended six or more 
broaches, the weight of which is balanced 
by weights in an opposing scale, and which 
may be increased,’ as the caudles become 
larger. The workman by this means has 
only to guide the candles and not to support 
them between his fingers. Mould candles 
are so called from their being run or cast in 
moulds made of pewter. In these the 
cotton is introduced by means of a wire, 
and kept in a perpendicular position, till 
the tallow is poured in, and when cold the 
candles are easily drawn out. 
Wax candles are made of a cotton or 
flaxen wick, slightly twisted, and covered 
with white or yellow wax. Of these, there 
are several kinds ; some of a conical figure, 
used to illumine churches, and in proces- 
sions, funeral ceremonies, &c. Others of a 
cylindrical form, used on ordinary occa- 
sions. The first are either made with a 
ladle or the hand : to make wax candles 
with the ladle. The wicks being prepared, 
a dozen of them are tied by the neck, at 
equal distances, round an iron circle, sus- 
pended directly over a large bason of cop- 
per tinned, and full of melted wax ; a large 
ladle full of tliis wax is poured gently on the 
tops of the wicks one after another, and 
this operation continued till the candle ar- 
rive at its destined bigness, with this pre- 
caution, that the three first ladles be poured 
on at the top of the wick ; the fourth at the 
height of I ; tlie fifth at i ; and the sixth at 
t ; in order to give the candle its pyrami- 
dal form. Then the candles are taken 
down, kept warm, and rolled and smoothed 
upon a walnut-tree table, with a long 
square instrument of box, smooth at the 
bottom. 
As to the manner of making wax-candles 
by the hand, they begin to soften the wax, 
by working it several times in hot water, 
contained in a narrow, but deep caldron. 
A piece of the wax is then taken out, and 
disposed, by little and little, around the 
wick, which is hung on a hook in the wall, 
by the extremity opposite to the neck ; so 
that they begin with the big end, dimi- 
nishing still as they descend towards the 
neck. In other respects, the method is 
nearly the same as in the former case. 
However it must be observed, tliat in the 
former case, water is always used to moisten 
the several instruments, to prevent the wax 
from sticking ; and in the latter, oil of 
olives, or lard, for the hands, &c. The cy- 
lindrical wax-candles are either made, as 
the former, with a ladle, or drawn. Wax- 
candles drawn, are so called, because ac- 
tually drawn in the manner of wire, by 
means of two large rollers of wood, turned 
by a handle, which turning backwards and 
forwards several times, pass the wick 
through melted wax contained in a brass ba- 
son, and at the same time through the holes 
