CAR 
with two styles on each ; nut ovate. There" 
are four species, of which C. betulus, horn- 
beam, is very common in many parts of 
England, but is rarely suffered to grow as a 
timber tree, being generally reduced to 
pollai’ds by the country people ; but where 
the young trees have been properly treated 
they have grown to a large size, nearly se- 
venty feet in height, with large fine stems, 
perfectly straight and sound. 
CARPODETUS, in botany, a genus of 
the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Essential character ; calyx five-toothed, 
fastened to the germ ; corolla five-petalled ; 
stigma flat-headed; berry globular, five- 
celled. There is but one species, viz. C. 
serratus, a native of New Zealand. 
CARR, among the ancients, a kind of 
throne, mounted on wheels, and used in 
triumphs and other solemn occasions. The 
carr on medals, drawn by horses, lions, or 
elephants, signifies a triumph, or an apo- 
theosis ; sometimes a procession of the 
images of the gods at a solemn supplica- 
tion ; and sometimes of those of some il- 
lustrious families at a funeral. The carr, 
covered and drawn by mules, only signifies 
a consecration, and the honour done any 
one of having his image carried at the games 
of the circus. 
CARRIAGE, letter or bill of, a writing 
given to a carrier or the master of any car- 
riage, containing the number and quality of 
of the pieces, bales, &c. of merchandises, 
wfhich he is intrusted with, that he may de- 
mand the payment of the carriage, and that 
the person to whom they are addressed 
may see whether they are delivered in the 
same number, and in as good condition, as 
they were given to the carrier. 
Carriage of a cannon, the frame or tim- 
ber-work on which it is mounted, serving 
to point it for shooting, or to carry it from 
one place to another. It is made of two 
planks of wood, commonly one half the 
length of the gun, called the cheeks, and 
joined by three wooden transums, strength- 
ened with three bolts of iron. It is mount- 
ed on two wheels ; but on a march has two 
fore-wheels, with limbers added. The prin- 
cipal parts of a carriage are the cheeks, 
transums, bolts, plates, train, bands, bridge, 
bed, hooks, trunion-holes, and capsquare. 
Carriages. Tliis subject, in detail, 
would form many an ample volume. The 
great variety of opinions, the imperious de- 
mands of locality, and the appropriation to 
particular purposes, must inevit'.bly create 
a curious diversity in the practices of a na- 
CAR 
tion. , Confining ourselves to general prin- 
ciples, we shall discuss only those points 
which serve as a general guide, and may 
prove useful in giving the reader some idea 
as to the several properties of the vehicles 
now in use. 
1. We consider ease of draught as indis- 
pensable. For this purpose the fore-wheels 
of a carriage should always be sufficiently 
large to bring the centre of the axle to an 
angle, of about fifteen degrees, with that 
part of the haime, or collar-frame, on which 
the trace fixes ; that being ascertained to 
be the best relative position between the 
animal and what he has to draw at. 
2. We look to proximity of rotation, that 
is, the place wllere the wheel touches the 
ground, and its relation to a perpendicular 
draft from the croup of the horse, as being 
an essential matter : for tlie draft will as- 
suredly be more oppressive in proportion 
as the point of rotation is removed. Hence 
long shafts, great space between the fore 
and hind wheels, and all the representatives 
of those primary errors, should be, in toto, 
abolished. 
3. We judge the size of wheels, that is, 
the length of lever by which they are 
moved around their axis, to be of the great- 
est moment. 
4. Where a road is firm, we hold it ex- 
pedient to reduce the bearing point, namely 
the edge of the wheel, into as small a dia- 
meter as may be found capable of sustain- 
ing the incumbent pressure. 
5. Where roads are soft and quaggy, we 
deem the broad tire to be preferable ; both 
because it bears up the load, and allows of 
less sinking, whereby considerable opposi- 
tion would be created ; and, that such a 
construction is more favourable to the track 
in which the carriage may have often to 
travel. 
6. The axis of every wheel ought to move 
with as little friction as possible : this may 
be effected by making the spindle as small 
and as short as circumstances may allow; 
taking care to lubricate the connecting parts 
well, so as not to allow of the smallest ten- 
dency to adhesion. Wheels intended for tra- 
velling over unequal surfiices should be dish- 
ed, so that the spokes may successively be 
upright whenever they come under the axle. 
The bend of each end of the axle down- 
wards is a convenience, and contributes to 
the foregoing effect, while it causes the up- 
per parts of the wheels to diverge, and 
gives more scope for the body of the ma- 
chine ; in some instances, where light but 
