CAR 
CARYOCAR, in botany, a genus of the 
Polyandria Tetragynia class and order. 
Essential character: calyx fi-ve-parted; 
petals five; style usually four; drupe with 
four nuts, reticulated with furrows. There 
is but one species; i;i2. C. nuciferum, a 
tall tree, with ternate leaves. Native of 
Berbice and Essequebo. 
CARYOPHYLL,EUS, in natural history^ 
a genus of the Vermes Intestina. Body 
round; mouth dilated and fringed. One 
species ; viz. C. piscium, which inhabits the 
intestines of various fresh-water fish, parti- 
cularly the carp, tench, and bream. I'he 
body is of a clay colour, about an inch long, 
rounded at the liind, part, and broader be- 
fore. 
CARYOPHYLLUS, in botany, English 
clove-tree, a genus of the Polyandria Mono- 
gynia class and order. Natural order of 
Hesperidese. Myrti, Jussieu. Essential 
character : corolla four-petalled ; calyx four- 
leaved, duplicate; berry one-seeded, infe- 
rior. One species ; .viz. C. aromaticus, 
clove-tree, rises to the height of a common 
apple-tree, but the trunk generaily divides 
at about four or five feet from the ground 
into three or four large limbs, which grow 
erect, and are covered with a thin smooth 
bark, which adheres closely to the wood : 
the leaves are like those of the bay -tree, and 
are placed opposite on the brandies. The 
flowers are produced in loose bunches at 
the end of the branches; they are small, 
white, and have a great number of stamens, 
which are much longer than the petals. The 
flowers are succeeded by oval berries, which 
are crowned by the calyx, divided into 
four parts, spreading flat on the top of the 
fruit : it is the yoimg fruit, beaten from the 
trees before they are half grown, which are 
tlie cloves used all over Europe. It is found 
in all the Moluccas, in many of tlie South 
Sea islands, and in New Guinea. 
CARYOTA, in botany, a genus of the 
Monoecia Polyandria class and order. Na- 
tural order of Palms. Essential character : 
male, calyx common; corolla tripartite; 
stamens very many : female, calyx as in the 
male ; corolla tripartite ; pistil one ; berry 
dispermous. There are tw'O species. C. 
urens is a lofty palm-tree ; the trunk is very 
large, covered with a sort of cinerous crust, 
which is quite smooth. The flowers are in 
long pendulous spikes, on which tliey grow 
in pairs. ■ The corolla, which is sometimes 
bipartite, but commonly tripartite, is at first 
green, then red or purple, and finally yel- 
low. C. mitis is about fifteen feet in height, 
VOL. II. 
CAS 
a most beautifid plant, growing in tlie wood* 
of Cochinchina. 
CASCADE, a steep fall of water from a 
higher into a lower place. They are either 
natural, as that at Tivoli, &c. or artificial, 
as those of Versailles, &c : and either falling 
with gentle descent, as those of Sceaux ; or 
in form of a buffet, as at Trianon ; or down 
stdps, in form of a perron, as at Sti Cloud ; 
or from bason to bason, &c. 
CASE, among grammarians, implies the 
different inflections or terminations of nouns, 
serving to express the different relations 
they bear to each otlier, and to the things 
they represent. There is great diversity 
among grammarians, with regard to the na- 
ture and number of cases: they generally 
find six, even in most of tlie modern 
languages, which they call the nominative, 
genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and 
ablative ; but this seems in compliance with 
their own ideas of the Greek and Latin, 
which they transfer to their own languages. 
The termination is not the sole criterion of 
a case, for though some authors reckon five 
cases of nouns in the Greek, and six in the 
Latin; yet several of these cases are fre- 
quently alike: as the genitive and dative 
singular of the first and fifth declensions of 
the Latin ; the dative and ablative plural of 
all the declensions, &c. ; the genitive and 
dative dual of the Greek, &c. The English 
and many other modern languages express 
the various relations not by changes in the 
terminations, as the ancients, but by the ap- 
position of articles. Grammarians, how- 
ever, admit of three cases in the English 
nouns ; viz. the nominative, possessive, and 
objective. Tiie nominative expresses simply 
the name of a thing, or the subject of the 
verb ; the possessive expresses the relation 
of property or possession ; and the objective 
expresses the object of an action, or of a 
relation, and follows a verb active or a pre- 
position. 
Case, among printers, denotes a sloping 
frame, divided into several compartments, 
containing a number of types or letters of 
the same kind. From these compartments 
the compositor takes out each letter as he 
wants it, to compose a page or form. Thus 
they say a case of pica, of Greek, &c. Earl 
Stanhope, who has made great improve- 
ments in the printing-press, has contrived a 
case, which is said to be much more conve- 
nient to the workmen tlian those in com- 
mon use. 
Cxiv.-iiardening, a method of preparing 
iron, so as to render its outer surtace hard, 
H 
