in their inten’als. It surrounds each ves- 
sel and nerve in the body ; often connect- 
ing these parts to each other by a firm kind 
of capsule; and in a looser form joining 
them to the neighbouring muscles, &c. 
When condensed into a firm and compact 
structure, it constitutes the various mem- 
bi'anes of the body ; which, by long mace- 
ration in water, may be resolved into a cel- 
lular texture. Its general condensation on 
the surface of the body constitutes the cu- 
tis, or true skin. In the bones, it forms 
the basis and groimd-work of their fabric ; 
a receptacle, in the interstices of which the 
earth of bone is deposited. The only parts 
of the body in which the cellular texture 
seems to be wanting, are the proper sub- 
stance of the brain, the crystalline lens, 
enamel of the teeth, and the insensible in- 
teguments of the body ; viz. the epidermis, 
nails, and hair. As the cellular substance 
is entirely solr.ble in boiling water, it is as- 
cribed by chemists to the peculiar modifi- 
cation of animal matter, temied gelatine. 
Its watery solution assumes, when cold, the 
appearance of jelly, and, after a particular 
mode of preparation, constitutes glue. 
From the universal extent of this cellular 
texture, two conclusions may be drawn. 
1. It forms the basis of the whole animal 
fabric, in such a way that, if we conceive 
every part removed, except this, tlie form 
of the whole would still be expressed in cel- 
lular substance. 2. It forms a connection 
and passage between all parts of the body, 
however remote in situation, or dissimilar 
in stnicture. For the cells of this substance 
every where communicate ; as we may col- 
lect fi om facts of the most common and fa- 
miliar occurrence. The air in emphysema 
spreads rapidly from the chest to the most 
remote parts of the body; it has been 
known in such a case to gain admission into 
the eye-ball. 
CELOSIA, in botany, a genus pf the 
Pentandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Miscellaneae. Amaranthi, 
Jussieu. Essential character; calyx three- 
leaved ; leaflets similar to tlrose of tire five- 
petalled corolla ; stamina conjoined at the 
base to the plaited nectary ; capsule gap- 
ing horizontally. There are fourteen Se- 
cies. Celosias, or cocks’ combs, are all her- 
baceous plants, and annual. The flowers 
are glomerate in spikes or panicles, some 
of which are flated and shaped somewhat 
like the comb of a cock. Natives of the East 
Indies, Cliina, Cochin China, and Japan. 
CELSIA, in botany’, a genus of the Di- 
dynamia Angiospermia .class and order. 
Natural order of Lurid®. Solaneas, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character ; calyx five-part- 
ed ; corolla rotated ; filament bearded ; cap- 
suje two-celled. There are four species. 
Natives of the Levant, Crete, the East In- 
dies, and Peru. 
CELTIS, in botany, English lofe or 
nettle tree, a genus of the Polygamia Mo- 
noecia class and order. Natural order of 
Scabrid®. Amentace®, Jussieu. Essential 
character : Herm. calyx five-pai'ted ; co- 
rolla none ; stamina five ; styles two ; drupe 
one-seeded ; male, calyx six-parted ; co- 
rolla none ; stamnia six. There are seven 
species, of which C. australis, European 
nettle tree, orlote tree, with a black finibis 
about fifty feet in height, with slender 
branches, which have a smooth dark co- 
loured bark, with grey spots. The fruit is 
the size of a pea ; it grows naturally in- the 
south of France, where it is one pf the 
largest trees. The wood of this tree is ex- 
ceedingly hard, and when it arrives to any 
size, its hardness, toughness, and flexibility, 
entitle it to very important services. Its 
fine regular spreading head, of a cheerful 
green colour, renders this tree very proper 
for clumps in parks, groves, single trees, or 
avenues. 
CEMENT copper. The copper procured 
from the sulphate by precipitation with 
iron is so called. 
CEMENTATION, in the arts, a general 
method of forming steel from iron, by 
means of the application of charcoal. In a 
proper furnace layers of bars of malleable 
iron, and layers of charcoal are placed one 
upon another, the air excluded, the fire is 
raised to a gi’eat height, and kept up for 
eight or ten days. If after this the conver- 
sion of the iron into steel be complete, the 
fire is extinguished, and the whole is left 
to cool for six or eight days longer. Iron 
prepared in this manner is named blistered 
steel, from the blisters which appear on its 
surface. Copper is converted into brass by 
cementation with a powder of calamine 
and charcoal. The powder thus used is 
called cement powder. 
CEMENTS and lutes. Under tliis arti- 
cle may be mentioned the receipts for pre- 
paring some of the most useful substances 
of this kind, tliat are required in common 
chemical operations. The uses of lutes 
and cements are either to close the join- 
ings of chemical ves.sels to prevent the es- 
cape of vapours and gases during the pro- 
cesses of distillation, sublimation, and the 
like, or to protect vessels fi’om the action 
of the fire, which might crack; or fuse, or 
