CH A 
CH A 
other, alleging no further cause than his 
own dislike : and the jurors, so challensred, 
shall be put off, and new ones taken in their 
places. 
In cases of treason the number of thirty- 
five jurors may be peremptorily challenged, 
without shewing any cause ; and more, both 
in treason and felony, may be challenged, 
shewing cause. 
If those who prosecute for the king chal- 
lenge a juror, they are to assign the cause ; 
and if the cause alleged be not a good 
one, the inquest shall be taken. When the 
king is party, if the other side challenge 
any juror above the number allowed, he 
ought to shew cause of his challenge imme- 
diately, while the jury is full, and before 
they are sworn. This was supposed to be 
law with regard to challenges made for the 
crown, but in the memorable state trials of 
1794, the crown lawyers challenged without 
shewing cause, declaring that they were 
not bound to shew reason till the whole pan- 
nel was gone through, and then, only in 
case that a sufficient number of jurors were 
not left. This was the case, and the conse- 
quence was, that the persons whom they 
had challenged were then taken, against 
whom it was ascertained there was no 
cause of challenge whatever. Challenge 
to the array is in re spect of the partiality or 
default of the sherilf, coroner, or other of- 
ficer that made the return ; and it is then 
twofold. First, principal challenge to the 
array, which if it be made good, is a suf- 
ficient cause of exception, without leaving 
any thing to the judgment of the triers, as 
if the sheriff be of kindred to eitlier party, 
or if any of the jurors be returned at the no- 
mination of eitlier of the parties. Secondly, 
challenge to the array for favour, which 
being no principal challenge, must be left 
to the discretion and conscience of the triers. 
As where either of the parties suspect tliat the 
juror is inclined to favour of the opposite part. 
Principal challenge to the polls, is where 
cause is shewn, which if found true, stands 
sufficient of itself, without leaving anything 
to the triers ; as if the juror be under the 
at^e of 21, it is a true cause of challenge, 
^CHALYBEATE. See Mineral Wa- 
TERS" 
CHAM A, in natural history, a genus of 
Vermes Testacea. Animal a tethys : shell 
bivalve, rather coarse ; hinge with a callous 
gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique 
hollow ; anterior slope closed ; about 2/5 
species, of which we shall notice only the 
C. gigas ; shell plaited, with arched scales ; 
posterior slope gaping, with crcnulate mar- 
gins. It inhabits the Indian ocean, and i» 
sometimes so small as not to measure an 
inch in length ; sometimes far exceeds all 
other testaceous productions, having been 
found of the weight of 532 pounds, and 
the fish or inhabitant so large as to furnish 
120 men with food, and strong enough to 
cut asunder a cable, and lop off men’s 
hands; shell lucid, white, sometimes rosy, 
varied with yellow, red, and white ; poste- 
rior aperture ovate, with a tumid crenate 
circumference ; margin toothed ; hinge 
armed with a tooth besides the callus. 
CHAMjELEON, in botany, a genus of 
the Syngenesia Segregate class and order. 
Calyx six or eight flowered, imbricate, many- 
leaved ; calycle one-flowered, many-leaved ; 
florets tubular, all hermaphrodite; recep- 
tacle naked ; seeds covered with a calycle 
growing to them ; one species, a native ot 
the South of Europe. 
CHAM7EROPS, in botany, dwarf palm, 
or palmetto. Essential character : herma- 
phrodite ; calyx three-parted ; corolla three- 
petalled ; stamina six ; pistils three ; drupes 
three, one-seeded : males ; dioecous, as in 
the hermaphrodite. There are three spe- 
cies, of which C. humilis, dwarf fan palm, 
never rises with an upright stem ; the foot 
stalks of the leaves rise immediately from 
the head of the root, and are armed on 
each side with strong spines ; they are flat 
on their upper surface, and convex on their 
under side ; from between the leaves comes 
out the spadix or club, which sustains the 
flowers ; this is covered with a thin spathe 
or hood, which falls off when the bunches 
open and divide. It grows naturally in 
Italy, Sicily, and Spain, particularly in An- 
dalusia, where, in the sandy land, the roots 
spread and propagate so fast, as to cover 
the ground in the same manner as fern in 
England. 
CHAMBERLAIN, an officer charged 
with the managemeut and direction of a 
chamber. 
There are almost as many kinds of cham- 
berlains as chambers, the principal of which 
are as follow : 
Chamberlain, Lord, of Great Britain, 
the sixth great officer of the crown ; to 
whom belongs livery and lodging in the 
king’s court ; and there are certain fees due 
to him from each archbishop or bishop, 
when they perftirra their homage to the 
kingt and from all peers at their creation, 
on doing their homage. At the coronation 
of every king, he is to have forty ells of 
