C H A 
CHA 
■Prom such tables the probability of the 
continuance of a life of any proi)ose(l age is 
known. 
Example. To find the probability that 
an individual of a given age will live one 
year. Let A be the number in the tables 
of the given age, B the number left at the 
H 
end of the year; the — is the probability 
that the individual will live one year ; and 
— ^ the probability that he will die in 
that time. In Dr. Halley’s tables, out of 
686 at the age of 22, 679 arrive at the age 
of 23; hence the probability that an indivi- 
. 679 8.3 
dual aged 22 will live one year is — or — 
T 1. 
nearly ; and or ^ nearly is the proba- 
bility that he will die in that time. See 
Mortality, bills of, See. 
Those who would enter more at large 
into this subject may be referred to the 
works already mentioned, or to the article 
Chances in the new Cyclopedia of Dr. 
Rees, a work that will be found in every 
library of general literature, and in which 
this subject is treated with great ability. 
Though we shall under the article Gaming 
refer again to the doctrine of chances, it 
may not be amiss to mention a deduction or 
two drawn by the writer of the article just 
referred to, as the necessary consequences 
of mathematical reasoning. The first is; 
supposing a lottery consisting of 26,000 
tickets, of which 20 are to be prizes of lOOOk 
and upwards; a person to have an equal 
chance of one of those prizes must purchase' 
about 870 tickets, which at 201. each is 
equal to 17,4001. 
Again : suppose there are three prizes of 
20,0001. and three of 10,0001. and a person 
out of 25,000 tickets has purchased 3000 of 
them to his own share, in hopes of gaining 
one of each of these capital prizes ; still the 
chances against such an expectation will be 
nearly twelve to one. See Gaming. 
Chance- meillei/, in law, is the accidental 
killing of a man, not altogether without the 
killer’s fault, though without any evil inten- 
tion ; and is where one is doing a lawful act, 
and a person is killed thereby : for, if the 
act be unlawful, it is felony. The difl’crence 
betwixt chance-medley and manslaughter is 
this : if a person cast a stone, which happens 
to hit one, and he dies ; or if a workman, in 
throwing down rubbi.sh from a house, after 
warning to take care, kill a person, it is 
chance-medley and misadventure : -but if a 
person throws stones on the highway, where 
people usually pass ; or a workman throws 
down rubbish from a house in cities and 
towns where people are continually passing ; 
or if a man whips his horse in the street, to 
make him gallop, and the horse runs over a 
child and kills it, it is manslaughter : but if 
another whips the horse, it is manslaughter 
in him, and chance-medley in the rider. In 
chance-medley the offender forfeits his 
goods, but has a pardon of course. 
CHANCELLOR, an officer supposed 
originally to have been a notary or scribe 
under the emperors, and named cancellarius, 
because he sat behind a lattice, called in 
Latin cancellits, to avoid being crowded by 
the people. 
Chancellor, Lord High, of Great Bri. 
lai n, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, is the 
highest honour of the long robe, being made 
so per traditionem magni sigilli, pa' dominuni , 
regem, arid by taking the oaths : he is the first 
person of the realm next after the king and 
princes of the blood in all civil affairs ; and 
is the chief administrator of justice next the 
sovereign, being the judge of the court of 
chancery. All other justices are tied to the 
strict rules of law in their judgment; but 
the chancellor is invested with the king’s 
absolute power, to moderate the written 
law, governing his judgment purely by the 
law of nature and conscience, and ordering 
all things according to equity and justice. 
The Lord Chancellor not only keeps the 
King’s great seal ; but also all patents, 
commissions, warrants, &c. from the King, 
are, before they are signed, perused by him : 
he has the disposition of all ecclesiastical 
benefices in the gift of the crown under 201. 
a year in the King’s books; and he is 
speaker of the House of Lords. To him 
belongs the appointment of all justices of 
the peace throughout the kingdom. He is 
the general guardian of all infants, it^ots, 
and lunatics ; and has the general superin- 
tendence of all charitable uses in the king- 
dom. 
Chancellor of a cathedral, an officer 
that hears lessons and lectures read in the 
church, either by himself or his vicar ; to 
correct and set right the reader when he 
reads amiss; to inspect schools; to hear 
causes ; apply the seal, write and dispatch 
the letters of the chapter; keep the books; 
take care that there be frequent preachings 
both in the church and out of it ; and assign 
the office of preacliing to whom he pleases. 
Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 
