cm 
purposes for wbich it wns intpiidcd ; in 
tlie course of several thousand trials, it is 
ascertained that not more than one or two 
chimnies, at most, in a hundred, has resist- 
ed the passage of the brnsh. It is, however, 
of importance to observe, that tlie inven- 
tion cannot be deemed in a state of perfec - 
tion ; soot from some coals adheres so 
strongly to the sides of the chimney and 
chimney-pot, that no brush will of itself 
bring it down, so that after a considerable 
time it may be expected that means must 
be found to scrape off the soot as the 
climbing boys now generally do : we wish 
tlierefore that such an addition to the appa- 
ratus could be devised, as should remedy 
this defect. It is well known that one cause 
of the smoking of chimniej is from the cir- 
cumstance of the top of the chimney-pot 
being clogged with soot that adheres to the 
upper edge, which it is certain Mr. .Smart’s 
brush has in many instances failed to re- 
move. He has done much to obviate an 
evil long complained of; an evil that has 
deprivefi of health, and eventually of life, a 
multitude of persons in their yonth, that 
might for a long course of years have been 
useful to the community, and we wish to 
see in his hands the invention, so ho- 
nourable to his talents, rendered still more 
useful by being more perfect. He has at- 
tained, with regard to making his brush 
ascend the chimney, all that can be ex- 
pected, and instead of bringing up infants to 
climb the fiftieth or hundredth chimney 
wliich on account of the direction of the flue 
no apparatus can be made to ascend, other 
ineans may be adopted. 
CHIOCOCCA, in botany, a genus of the 
Pentandfia Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Aggregatae. Rhubiacem, 
Jussieu. Essential character: corolla fun- 
nel-form, equal ; berry one-celled, two- 
seeded, inferior. There are two species. 
C. racemosa, climbing snowberry-tree, or 
David’s root, is a native of the West Indies- 
and C. barbata, a native of the Marquesas, 
Society and Friendly Islands, in tlie South 
Sea. 
CHION ANTHTJS, in botany, yriiige, or 
snowdrop tree, a genus of the Diandria Mo- 
nogynia class and order. Natural order of 
Sepiariae. Jasminem, Jussieu. Essential 
character : corolla quadrifid, with the divi- 
•sions extremely long ; drupe with a sti iated 
nut. There are four species, of which C. 
Virginica, Virginia fringe-tree, or snow- 
drop-tree. Is common in South Caro- 
lina, where it grows by the sides of rivu- 
CHI 
lets, and is rarely more than ten feet high; 
the leaves are as large as those of the laurel' 
but are of a much thinner substance. : the 
flowers come out in May, hanging in long 
bunches of a pure whi'te colour, whence the 
inhabitants call it snowdrop-tree: and the, 
flowers being cut into narrow segments, 
they give it the name of fringe-tree. * 
CHIROMANCY, a species of divination, 
drawn from the different lines and linea- 
ments of a person’s hand ; by which means 
it is pretended the inclinations may be dis- 
covered. 
CHIRONIA, in botany, a genus of the 
Pentandria Blonogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Rotaceoe. Gentiana?, Jussipu. 
E.ssential character : corolla rotated ; pistil 
decliiiate; stamens on the tube of tlie co- 
rolla ; anthers finally spiral ; pericarp two- 
celled. There are ten species, mostly na- 
tives of the Cape of Good Hope. 
CHISSEL, an instrument much used in 
carpentry, masonry, joinery, sculpture, &c. 
and distinguished according to the breadth 
of the blade into half-inch chissels, quarter- 
inch chissels, &c. They have also difterent 
names, according to the different uses to 
which they are applied ; as, 1. The former, 
used by carpenters, &c. Just after the work 
is scribed : it is struck with a mallet. 2. The 
paring-chissel, which is used in paring off the 
irregularities made by the former: this is 
pressed with the workman’s shoulder, s’ 
The skew-former cleanses acute angles with 
the point of its narrow edge. 4 . The mor- 
tice-chissel, used in cutting deep square 
holes in the wood, for mortices : it is narrow, 
but thick and strong, to endure hard blows. 
5. Socket chissels, having their shank made 
with a hollow socket at top, to receive a 
strong wooden sprig fitted into it with a 
shoulder. 6. Ripping- chissel, having a 
blunt edge, with no basil, used iu tearing 
two pieces of wood asunder. And, 7. The 
gouge. 
CHITON, in natural history, a genus of 
Vermes Testacea. Animal inhabiting the 
shell a doris : shell consisting of several seg- 
ments or valves disposed down the back. 
There are 2d species. They differ very 
much in colour, and are found on almost 
every coast iu the ocean. C. tuberculatus : 
shell seven-valved ; body luberculate: in- 
habits America : oblong-oval, narrow, with 
tubercles above dis[)osed in quincunx ; the 
sides cinereou-s, mixed with white, and mark- 
ed with brown undulate bands ; back green- 
ish, with h broad, deep, black band. C. cine- 
reus: shell eight valved, smooth, carinate j 
