CIT 
means of the hyperbola ; but suppressed 
the investigation, which, however, may be 
seen in his fluxions. The cissoidal space 
contained under the diameter A B, the 
asymptote B C, and the curve A O Z of the 
cissoid, is triple that of the generating cir- 
cle A O B. 
CISSUS, in botany, a genus of the Te- 
trandria Monogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Hederaceae. Vites, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character : berry one-seed- 
ed, surrounded by the calyx, and four-part- 
ed corolla. There are fifteen species ; na- 
tives of both Indies. 
CISTUS, in botany, rock rose, or gum 
cistus, a genus of the Polyandria Monogy- 
nia class and order. Natural order of Ro- 
taceae. Cisti, Jussieu. Essential charac- 
ter : corolla five-petalled ; calyx five-leaved, 
witli two of the leaflets smaller ; capsule. 
There are sixty-six species, all of which are 
•great ornaments to a garden; their flowers, 
though of short duration, are succeeded by 
fresh ones almost every day for about two 
months successively; the flowers are the 
size of a middling rose, but single and of va- 
rious colours ; the plants continue their 
leaves all the year ; they are most of them 
hardy enough to live in the open air all the 
winter, except in very severe ones, which 
often destroy many of them ; so that a plant 
or two of each sort should be kept in pots 
and sheltered to preserve the kinds. They 
are natives of warm climates, 
CITADEL, a place fortified with four 
five, or six bastions, built on a convenient 
ground near a city, that it may command 
it in case of a rebellion. The city there- 
fore is not fortified on the part opposite to 
the citadel, though the citadel is against 
the city. The best form for a citadel is a 
pentagon, a square being too weak, and a 
hexagon too big. 
CITATION, in ecclesiastical courts, is 
the same with summons in civil courts. A 
person is not to be cited out of the diocese 
where he lives, unless it be by the archbi- 
shop in default of the ordinary, or where 
the ordinary is party to the suit, and in 
cases of appeal. 
CITHAREXYLUM, in botany, Ei^lish 
flddk-wood, a genus of the Didynamia An- 
giospermia class and order. Natural order 
of Personata;. Vitices, Jussieu. Essential 
character : calyx five-toothed, bell-form ; 
corolla funnel- wheel-form ; segments above, 
equal; berry two-seeded ; seeds two-celled. 
There are five species; all natives of the 
West Indies. 
CIT 
CITIES, rise of. After the fall of the 
Roman Empire the proprietors of land 
lived principally on their own estates ; the 
towns were inhabited by mechanics and 
tradesmen, chiefly in the condition of 
slaves. The people, to whom it was granted 
as a privilege that tliey might give away 
their own daughters in marriage without 
the consent of their lord, and that upon 
their death their own children and not 
their lord should succeed to their goods, 
must have previously been in entirely or 
nearly the same state of villandge as the oc- 
cupiers of land in the country. They seem 
to have been much on a level with the 
hawkers and pedlars of modern times. 
They were generally obliged to pay 
some tax or toll for the privilege of selling 
their goods at particular places. As this 
source of revenue was thought of some im- 
portance by the feudal sovereigns and 
lords, in order to ensure its regular pay- 
ment they were induced in many instances 
to farm it out for a certain sum to the inha- 
bitants of dilferent towns, who, in order to 
enforce its payment by tlie traders, were 
invested with the powers and privileges 
still possessed by the corporations of cities 
and boroughs. A town thus became a 
privileged place, of which traders were 
not only the inhabitants but the governors, 
at least in all that related to internal ma- 
nagement. 
The turbulent feudal lords were often in- 
cited by the riches of the burghs to attempt 
to plunder their houses and warehouses ; 
heuce the owners naturally feared and 
hated the lords ; the sovereigns of the dif- 
ferent states of Em-ope, for other reasons, 
likewise hated and feared the lords ; this 
served as a bond of union between the so- 
vereigns and the corporate tovyns, and 
enabled the towns to gain great privileges 
from those sovereigns who most needed 
their assistance, as King John in England ; 
and in some instances to become inde- 
pendent, as was the case with the little re- 
publics of Italy, and the imperial cities in 
Germany. 
CITRATES, in chemistry, salts formed 
by the combination of the citric acid, and 
alkalies and earths : thus we have the ci- 
trate of potash; the citrate of soda, &c. 
See Citric Acid. 
CITRIC acid, in chemistry, is foimd in 
the juice of lemons and limes, and is that 
which gives it the sour taste. It is mixed, 
however, with mucilaginous and extractive 
matter. Scheele found that it could not 
