COL 
COL 
but our own kingdom is not without it, it 
being found near Birmingham, and on the 
Mendip-hills, in Somersetshire; but what has 
been yet found there is not so pure or fine 
as that imported from Cologne. 
COLON, the second of the three large 
intestines, called intestina crassa. See 
Anatomy. 
Colon, in grammar, a point or character 
marked thus (:), shewing the preceding 
sentence to be perfect or entire ; only that 
some remark, farther illustration, or other 
matter connected therewith, is subjoined. 
See Pointing, Period, Comma, &c. 
COLONEL, in military matters, the 
commander in chief of a regiment, whetlier 
horse, foot, or dragoons. 
Colonel, lieutenant, the secomT officer 
in a regiment, who is at the head of the 
captains, and commanjjs in the absence of 
the colonel, 
COLONNADE. See Architecture. 
COLONY. A colony is a settlement 
formed by the inhabitants of any nation in 
some part of tlie world, unoccupied by any 
otiier civilized nation. The motives fqr 
forming them have been various. 
In colonies there is generally abundance 
of good laud ; hence the necessaries of life 
arc usually to be had in plenty, by any one 
who will take tlie trouble necessary to pro- 
duce them ; and, consequently, {)opulation 
usually has a tendency to increase with great 
rapidity. The inhabitants of some parts of 
the United States are said to have doubled 
in fifteen years, at the time those countries 
were colonies of Great Britain. 
The policy of the mother countries with 
regard to colonies has usually been intended 
to make the colonists buy the goods of the 
mother country as dear as possible, and sell 
their own productions as cheaply as possi- 
ble. Hence the trade of colonies usually 
has been confined, by strict commercial 
laws, wholly to the mother country. 
The consequence of these regulations has 
probably been, that in the colonial trade 
the merchants and manufacturers have sold 
their goods dearer, and bought colonial pro- 
duce cheaper, than they otherwise might have 
done, though even this may be doubted ; 
but most certainly the inhabitants of the 
colony have bought dearer, and sold cheap- 
er, than they otherwise would. The pros- 
perity of the colony therefore has been im- 
peded ; their progress towards opulence 
has been less rapid than it w'ould have been 
under other circumstances ; and the mother 
country has always had a poorer and smaller 
market for her commodities than she other- 
wise would have had. The profits per cent, 
have been perhaps greater, but the wdiole 
amount of profit derived from' the colony 
trade has most certainly been less. 
COLORIFIC earths, in mineralogy, a 
class or tiibe of eartlis, in the arrangement 
of Kirwan, described by him as strongly' 
staining the fingers. Of tliese he enume- 
rates four families, viz. red, yellow, black, 
and green ; the red is the reddle. Of dark 
cochineal red colour, or intermediate be- 
tween brick and blood red, having neither 
lustre nor transparency ; fracture, earthly, 
sometimes conchoidal; fragments, 1 ; hard- 
ness, 4 ; sp. gr. inconsiderable ; adhering 
pretty strongly to the tongue ; feeling 
rough ; assumiiig a polish from tlie nail ; 
strongly staining t|ie fingers ; falling imme- 
diately into powder in water, and not be- 
coming ductile ; not effervescing, nor easily 
dissolving in acids. When heated to red- 
ness, crackling and growing black ; at 159“ 
the specimen melted into a dark greenish 
yellow frothy enamel. It differs from red 
ochres only by containing more argil. The 
red colour proceeds from oxygenation, and 
the absence of acid. The more air of wa- 
ter is expelled by heat, the browner it grows. 
The yellow is of an ochre yellow colour ; 
as to lustre, externally it often hath some 
gloss, but internally none ; it is not trans- 
parent ; fracture earthy, often inclining to 
the conchoidal ; no specific gravity ; frag- 
ments, inconsidferable ; adheres strongly to 
the tongue ; feels smooth, or somewliat 
greasy ; takes a high polish from the nail ; 
strongly stains the fingers ; in water it im- 
mediately falls to pieces with some hissing ; 
and afterwards to powder, without diffusing 
itself through it ; does not effervesce with 
acids, nor is easily soluble in them ; heated 
to redness, it crackles, hardens, and ac- 
quires a red colour, and gives a reddish 
streak. At 156°, Mr. Kirwan melted a 
specimen into a liver-brown porous porce- 
lain mass. This yellow earth differs from 
ochres only in containing a greater propor- 
tion of argil ; the yellow colour proceeds 
from the calx of iron, highly oxygenated, 
and probably containing both w'ater and 
acid. Those earths which contain a large 
proportion' of iron have rather an orange 
colour. According to the analysis of M. 
Sage of Paris, who has the merit of pre- 
serving to his countrymen the immense 
gains acquued by the Dutch tVom convert- 
