COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
phibia of Cuvier. These animals have 
short members adapted for swimming. 
X. Cetacea, whales, living entirely in the 
sea, and foniied like fishes ; breathe by an 
opening at the top of the head, called the 
blowing hole ; through which they throw 
out the water, which enters their mouth 
with the food; smooth skin covering a 
thick layer of oily tat ; no external ear ; 
a complicated stomach ; multilobular kid- 
neys ; larynx of a pyramidal shape, open- 
ing towards the blowing hole ; testes with- 
in the abdomen ; mamma; at the sides of 
the vulva ; bones of the anterior extremity 
concealed and united by the skin, so as to 
form a kind of fin ; no posterior extremi- 
ties ; teeth which retain their prey, but do 
not masticate, and instead of which there 
are sometimes layers of a horny substance 
called whalebone. 
1. Monodon, narwhal, sea-unicorn. 
2. Batena, proper whales. 
3. Physeter. 
4. Delphinus, dolphin, porpoise. 
Cuvier distributes the class mammalia 
into three grand divisions : 
1. Those which have claws or nails 
(maminiferes a ongles) : includ- 
ing the following orders : bima- 
na, quadmmana, cheiroptera, 
plantigrada, carnivora, pedima- 
na, rodentia, edentata, tardi- 
ginda. 
2. Those which have hoofs (mam- 
raif. a ongles) including the pa- 
chyderraata, ruminantia, and so- 
lipeda. 
3. Those . which have extremities 
adapted for swimming (mammif. 
a pieds en nageoire). Amphibia 
and cetacea. 
Birds are oviparous ; have a single ovary 
and oviduct; a single occipital condyle; 
very numerous cervical vertebr®; a very 
large sternum ; and anterior extremities 
adapted for flying, the posterior only being 
used for walking. 
They have three eyelids; no external 
ear ; a bone in the tongue ; a cochlea coni- 
cal, but not spiral ; a single ossiculum audi- 
tus ; body covered witli feathers. The 
lungs are attached to the surface of the 
chest, and penetrated by the air, which 
goes all over the body ; no diaphragm; 
there is a larynx at each end of tlie tra- 
chea ; no epiglottis : the jaws are covered 
with a horny substance, and are both mov- 
able ; there are no lips, gums, nor teetli ; 
the chyle is transparent; no mesenteric 
glands, nor omentum ; no bladder of urine, 
the ureters terminating in a bag through 
which the eggs and fasces come, viz. tlie 
cloaca ; the pancreas and liver have both 
several ducts entering the intestine ; spleen 
in the centre of the mesentery. 
This class cannot be distributed into or- 
ders so clearly distinguished by anatomical 
characters as the preceding one. Blumen- 
bach divides tlieiii into two leading divi- 
sions. 
(a) terrestrial birds. 
Order I. Accipitres. Birds of prey, with 
strong hooked Irills, and large curved ta- 
lons, a membranous stomach, and short 
caeca. 
1. Vultur, vultures. 
2. Falco, falcon, eagle, hawk, kite. 
3. StVix, owl. 
4. Lanius, shrike or butcher bird. 
II. Levirostres, light-billed birds, having 
a large hollow bill. 
1. Psittacus, parrot kind. 
2. Ramphastos, toucan. 
3. Buceros, rhinoceros bird. 
III. Pica, this and the two following or- 
ders are not clearly characterised. 
1. Picus, woodpecker. 
2. Jynx, wryneck. 
3. Sitta, nuthatch. 
4. Alcedo, king’s-fisher. 
5. Trochilus, humming bird, &c. See. 
IV. Cm •aces. 
1. Corvus, crow, raven, jackdaw, 
magpie, jay, &c. 
2. Coracias, roller. 
3. Paradisea, birds of paradise. 
4. Cnculus, cuckoo, i!kc. &c. 
V. Passeres, small singing-birds. 
1. Alauda, lark. 
2. Stnrnus, starling. 
3. Tnrdus, thrush, blackbird. 
4. Emberiza, bunting. 
5. Fringilla, finches, canary-bud, 
linnet, sparrow. 
6. Motacilla, nightingale, redbreast, 
wreii. 
7. Hirundo, swallows, martins. See. 
8. Caprimulgus, goatsucker, &c. 
VI. Gallifue, gallinaceous birds, mostly 
domesticated. They possess a large crop, 
strong muscular gizzard, short legs. 
1. Columba, pigeons. 
2. Tetrao, grous, quail, partridge. 
3. Nuraida, guinea-fowl. 
4. Meleagris, turkey. 
5. Pavo, peacock. 
d. Otis, bustard. 
