COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
tlielr gods and heroes they have even car- 
ried it beyond a right angle, and made it 
100 “. 
It must, however, be allowed, that the 
facial angle is of chief importance in its 
application to the cranium of the human 
subject, and of the quadrumana ; as various 
circumstances affect the conclusions which 
would result from employing it in other 
classes of mammalia. Thus in the carni- 
vorous, and some of the ruminating animals ; 
in tlie pig, and particularly in the elephant, 
the great size of the frontal sinuses pro- 
duces an undue elevation of the facial line. 
In many of the rodentia, as the hare, &c. 
the nose occupies so large a space, that the 
cranium is thrown quite back, and presents 
no point on a front view, from which this 
line can be drawn. 
The following are the angles formed by 
drawing a line along the floor of the nostrils, 
and intersecting it by another, which touches 
the anterior margin of the upper alveoli, 
and the convexity of the cranium (whether 
the latter point be concealed by the face 
or no) ; 
Euiopean infant 90“ 
adult 85 
Adidt negro 70 
Orangoutang 67 
Long- tailed monkies 65 
Baboons 40 to 30 
Pole-cat 31 
Pug dog 35 
Mastiffj the line passing along the > . . 
outer surface of the skull S 
Ditto ; inner ditto 30 
Leopard; inner surface 28 
Hare .' 30 
Ram 30 
Horse 23 
Porpoise 25 
In the third and fourth tables of Cuvier’s 
“ Tableau Elementaire de ITIistoire bfatu- 
relle,” the crania of several mammalia are 
represented in profile, so as to afford a suffi- 
cient general notion of the varieties in the 
facial angle. A similar comparative view, 
in one plate, is given by White, in his ac- 
count of the “Regular Gradation,” &c. 
from the work of Camper. 
A vertical section of the head, in the lon- 
gitudinal direction, shews us more com- 
pletely the relative proportions of the cra- 
nium and face. In the European, tlte area 
ot the section of the cranium is four times 
as large as that of tire face ; the lower jaw 
Bot being included. The proportion of tlie 
VOL. H. 
face is somewhat larger in the negro : and 
it increases again in the orang-outang. Tlie 
area of the cranium is about double that of 
the face in the monkeys ; in the baboOns, 
and in most of the carnivorous mammalia, 
the two parts are nearly equal. The face 
exceeds the cranium in most of the other 
classes. Among the rodentia, the hare and 
marmot have it one-third larger ; in the por- 
cupine and the ruminantia, the area of the 
face is about double that of the cranium ; 
nearly triple in the hippopotamus; and 
almost four times as large in the horse. In 
reptiles and fishes the cranium forms a very 
inconsiderable portion of the section of the 
head, although it is considerably larger than 
the brain which it contains. 
The outline of the face, when viewed in 
such a section as we have just mentioned, 
forms in the human subject a triangle ; the 
longest side of which is the line of junction 
between the cranium and face. Tliis ex- 
tends obliquely, backwards and downwards, 
from the root of the nose towards the fora- 
men occipitale. The front of the face, or 
the anterior line of the triangle, is the 
shortest of the three. The face is so much 
elongated, even in the simiae, that the line 
of junction of the cranium and face is the 
shortest side of the triangle ; and the an- 
terior one the longest. These proportions 
become still more considerable in other 
mammalia. 
The upper jaw-bones of other mammalia 
do not, as in man, touch each other under 
the nose, and contain all the upper teeth ; 
but they are separated by a peculiar, single, 
or double intennaxillary bone, which is in 
a manner locked between the former, and 
holds the incisor teeth of such animals as 
are provided with these teeth. It exists 
also in the pecora, which have no incisor 
teeth in the upper jaw ; as well as in such 
genera as have no incisor teeth at all ; viz. 
the duck-billed animal and the armadillo. 
It is even found in those mammalia which 
are wholly destitute of teeth ; as the ant- 
eater and the proper whales. It is joined 
to the neighbouring bones by sutures, which 
run exteriorly by the side of the nose and 
snout, and which pass, towards the palate, 
close to the foramina incisiva. Its form and 
magnitude vary surprisingly in several or- 
ders and genera of mammalia. It is small 
in many ferae; as also in the walrus. In 
the glires it is remarkably large, on account 
of the immense size of their incisor teeth. 
In human crania, at least those of the 
foetus and young children, there is a small 
U 
