COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
passes into the first stomach, the water of 
the ceils in tiiat part becomes turbid ; but 
it remains perfectly pure in the second, 
where it resides in the greatest quantity ; 
wliicli circumstance accounts for travellers 
being able to drink it on an emergency. 
The muscular bands, which form the groove 
described in tlie account of the rumi- 
nating stomach, are particularly strong ; 
and by drawing the third stomach to the 
reso})hagus, convey the ruminated food 
through the second without polluting the 
water in its cells. Hence the food that has 
been macerated in the paunch must be sent 
back to the mouth directly from that cavity, 
without passing into the second stomach, as 
it does in the cow. See “ Observations on 
the camel’s stomach respecting the water 
which it contains,” &c. by E. Home, esq. 
Philos. Trans. 1806. 
The structure of tliese parts in the lama, 
according to the account which Cuvier has 
given of them, from the examination of a 
fetus, does not seem to differ essentially 
from that of the camel. 
There is a peculiar glandu'ar body at the 
upper orifice of the beaver’s stomach, about 
the size of a florin, full of cavities that se- 
crete mucus. It resembles, on the whole, 
the bulbns glandnlosus of birds, and assists 
in the digestion and animalization of the 
dry food Whicli this enrions animal takes, 
consisting chiefly of the bark and chips of 
trees, &c. 
According to Cuvier, there is a gland as 
large as the head of a man situated between 
the coats of the stomach in the manati (tri- 
cheehus manatus borealis). It is placed near 
the msophagus, and discharges, on pressure, 
a fluid like that of the pancreas by numer- 
ous small openings. 
Mr. Home is of opinion that a glandular 
structure exists in the stomach of the sea- 
otter near the pylorus. Philos. Trans.'l796, 
pi. 2. And Mr. Macartney has discovered 
an ai rangemeut of glandular bodies in the 
dormouse, round the oesophagus just before 
its termination, similar in situation and 
appearance to the gastric glands of birds. 
The stomach of the pangolin (manis pen- 
tadactyla) is almost as thick and muscular 
as that of the gallinaceous fowls, and con- 
tains, like, that of granivorous birds, small 
stones and gravel, which are probably swal- 
lowed for the same purpose as in those 
birds. 
(ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH OF BIROS. 
The oesophagus is of immense size in 
many carnivorous birds ; considerably larger 
VOL. II. 
indeed than the intestinal canal. Tlie ca- 
paciousness of this tube enables it to hold 
for a time the entire fish and large bones 
which these birds swallow, and which can- 
not be contained in the stomach ; and to 
tacilitate the discharge by vomiting the in- 
digestible remains of the food which form 
balls of hair, feathers, and bony matter. 
The ffisophagus expands just before the 
sternum into the crop (ingluvies, prolobus, 
le jabot), which is furnished with numerous 
mucous or salivary glands, disposed in many 
cases in regular rows. In such birds as 
nourish their young from the crop, tlie glands 
swell remarkably at tliat time, and secrete 
a greater quantity of fluid. This part is 
found in land-birds only, but not in all of 
these ; it exists in all the gallinae, and in 
some birds of prey. 
There is another glandular and secretory 
organ, much more common than tlie crop, 
belonging, indeed, most probably to the 
whole class. This is the bulbils glandnlosus 
(echinus, infundibulum, proventriciilus, cor- 
pus tubulosum), which is situated before 
the entrance of the (esophagus into the pro- 
per stomach, and whose form and structure 
vary considerably in the different genera 
and species. In the ostrich, for example, 
its magnitude and form give it the appear- 
ance of a second stomach. In some other 
birds, as the psittaci, arde® (crane, stork, 
&c.) its appearance is different from that 
of the proper stomach, but its size is larger; 
while, on the contrary, in gallinaceous fowls 
it is much smaller. 
This bulbns glandnlosus consists of a vast 
congeries of glands. The oesophagus, of 
which it is a dilatation, has a vast number 
of glandular bodies interposqd between its 
tunics, and entirely surrounding the tube, so 
as to constitute the “Zone of gastric glands” 
of Mr. Macartney. These bodies have a 
hollow internally, and they open into the 
cavity of the bulbns by numerous very plain 
apertures. The fluid secreted by them 
passes into the gizzard and mixes with the 
food. 
A deviation from the natural structure, 
which is completely unparalleled, occurs in 
the stomach of tlie cuckoo, The gizzard of 
this bird is covered, internally, with an 
abundance of short, bristly, and spiral hair*, 
lying close together. 
The structure of the stomach differs most 
widely in the different orders and genera of 
this class. It appears merely as a thin raemr. 
branous bag, in several of those which feed 
oh flesh and insects, when compared with 
X 
