DRAWING. 
yet clear hatched lines in the form above- 
mentioned have a better effect, not that we 
would recommend the servile resemblance 
of an engraving, imitations of this descrip- 
tion never failing to injure the freedom of 
band, essential in drawing well. 
It is necessary that the student should by 
no means depend upon his own judgment 
in selecting drawings or prints for copying, 
those of acknowledged excellence by or 
after the best masters are to be exclu- 
sively preferred, otherwise error would be 
perpetuated, and the arts would fall into ir- 
recoverable contempt ; he will soon see 
the necessity for this precaution, and learn 
to look with disgust upon deformity and 
mediocrity. Supposing the student perfect 
in his imitations of the different parts of the 
face, his next step will be to draw the head 
in every natural position, which forms an in- 
troduction to the whole figure, admitting 
him to have a competent knowledge of the 
human skeleton and the muscles, as those 
are the only branches of anatomy useful in 
drawing ; to accomplish this, or confirm his 
ideas, he should attend lectures on that in- 
tricate science, confining his attention 
solely to the demonstrations and observa- 
tions applicable to his pursuits, afterwards 
examining their effects as discoverable in a 
living subject, and in drawing either from 
that, or good plaster figures, he should begin 
with the most prominent muscles, which 
will facilitate his progress with the less. 
The young artist ought, if practicable, 
to visit the Royal Academy, where he will 
see, at a glance, how the light should be 
disposed to di-aw with effect ; if that is im- 
possible, he must remember to throw one 
light downward on the object, whether it 
proceeds from the day or a candle ; and 
that he cannot too strictly attend to the 
true proportions of the body and limbs, as 
nothing is more disgusting than to see a 
man with a head unnaturally large, an enor- 
mous mouth, short legs, or too long mius ; 
to prevent his falling into such errors, let 
him observe, that in a well-formed person, 
his arms extended make a distance between 
the extremities of the middle lingers equal 
to his length ; that the face consists of 
three exact divisions, from the hair on the 
forehead to the eyes, from the eyes to the 
bottom of the nose, and from that to the 
chin. The whole figure is ten faces in 
length; fiom the chin to the collar-bone is 
twice the lengtii of the nose, thence to 
the lowest part of the breast one face, from 
timt to the navel another, to the groin one, 
to the upper part of the knee two, the 
knee is half a face in length, from the 
lower part of which to the ancle is two 
faces, and hence to the sole of the foot is 
one half. Measuring from the extremes of 
the breast, the breadth will be found to 
contain two faces, and the bone of the arm 
from the shoulder to the elbow, the same 
number; thence, including part of the hand, 
two faces ; and from the shoulder-blade to 
the hollow between the collar-bones, is one 
face. The thmnb is the length of the nose ; 
from the commencement of the hand to the 
middle of the arm is five lengths of the 
nose ; and from the pectoral muscle to the 
same place is four. The great toe is of the 
length of the nose, and the sole of the foot 
is the sixth part of the length of the fi- 
gure ; the hands are double their breadth in 
length, and when extended they are ex- 
actly tlie length of the face. The breadth 
of the limbs vary according to the state of 
health in the body, and the particular situ- 
ation of the muscles whenever moved. 
The proportions of children are generally 
thus : three heads in length from the crown 
of the head to the groin, and thence to the 
sole of the foot two, one head and a half 
between the shoulders, one, of the body be- 
tween the hips and armpits ; the breadth 
of the limbs shoqld be ascertained from a 
healthy child. 
It is perhaps impossible to draw a per- 
fectly beautiful figure from any one person : 
the most skilful statuaries and painters, sen- 
sible of this fact, have composed their finest 
works from different subjects, as it is very 
common for the possessor of a truly Gre- 
cian head to have a deformed trunk, or ano- 
tlier to have graceful limbs and the face of 
a gorgoii. To draw a figure correctly, the 
intended length should be marked, and all 
the preceding admeasurements strictly ad- 
hered to, beginning the .sketch on the left 
hand, with the head, following with the 
shoulders, the trunk, the leg most in action, 
then the other, finishing with the arms, and 
making the outline perfect before any part 
is finished ; as we may imagine a living or 
plaster model placed before the student, 
that will serve better for improving him 
tlian any written instructions, but he will 
find the greatest difficulty in correctly co- 
pying the eyes, mouth, ears, hands, and 
feet, and should consequently be particu- 
larly careful when employed on those parts 
to which rules are utterly inapplicable. 
To represent the passions well, every 
possible attention must be paid to their par- 
