DYEING. 
clear solution of tin are to be poured in, 
and carefully mixed. When the bath be- 
gins to boil, the doth is introduced, and 
briskly moved for two or three turns, after 
which it is moved more slowly. The boiling 
having continued for two hours, the cloth is 
taken out, exposed to the air, and carried to 
the river to be well washed. 
The cloth is afterwards passed through a 
second bath for the reddening ; to prepare 
which, the boiler is to be first emptied, and 
again filled with water; and when this has 
just reached the boiling point, five pounds 
and three quarters of cochineal, powdered 
and sifted, ai'e to be added. These are to 
be well mixed ; and sometime afterwards, 
when a crust that forms on the surface, 
opens of itself in several places, 13 or 14 
pounds of solution of tin are poured in. 
S.hould the bath after that rise above the 
edge of the boiler, it may be cooled with a 
little water. The bath being well mixed, 
the cloth is put in, and turned quickly two 
or three times. It is then boiled in the 
bath for an hour, taking care to keep it un- 
der the surlace. It is afterwards taken out, 
exposed to the air, and when cool washed 
in the river, and dried. 
Some dyers do not remove the cloth out 
of the first bath ; but merely refresh it 
and perform the operation of reddening in 
the same bath. In this method the infusion 
of cochineal, made in a separate vessel, and 
mixed with a proper proportion of tin, is 
added. By conducting the process in tliis 
way, the scarlet is supposed to be equally 
fine, and there is a considerable saving of 
time and fuel. 
To give scarlet tlie bright lively red, 
called fire colour, a yellow tinge is commu- 
nicated to file cloth by boiling fustic in 
the first bath, or by adding a little turmeric 
to the cochineal. A larger proportion of 
the solution of tin also produces this yellow 
shade, but it renders the cloth harsh, and 
limits the action of the colouring matter. 
Dr. Bancroft recommends a method of 
dyeing scarlet, in which a much smaller 
portion of cochineal produces an equal ef- 
fect. He conceived scarlet from his expe- 
riments to be a compound colour, caused 
by about three-fourths of crimson or rose 
colour, and one-fourth of pure bright yel- 
low. He therefore supposed that when 
the natural crimson of the cochineal is 
made scarlet, by the usual process, a fourth 
of the colouring matter of the cochineal 
must be changed from its natural crimson 
to a yellow colour by the action of the solu- 
tion of tin. For tliis reason he introduced 
a bright yellow dye into the bath with the 
cochineal, and reduced the quantity of this 
more expensive ingredient. He also found 
that a mixture of two pounds of sulphuric 
acid with about three pounds of muriatic 
acid, poured on fourteen ounces of granu- 
lated tin, with exposure to heat, produced 
a solution of tin, that had twice tlie effect of 
the common nitro muriatic solution, at less 
tlian a third of the expense, and which 
raised the colours more, without producing 
a yellow shade. For the yellow dye Dr. 
Bancroft used quercitron bark. His pro- 
cess for dyeing scarlet, by the use of this 
substance and the above preparation of tin, 
is as follows : 
An hundred pounds of cloth are to be 
put into a tin vessel, nearly filled with 
water, in which about eight pounds of the 
murio-sulphuric solution of tin have been 
previously mixed. The liquor is made to 
boil, and the cloth is turned through it by 
the winch for a quarter of an hour in the 
usual manne,-. The cloth is then taken out, 
and four pounds of cochineal, with two 
pounds and a half of quercitron bark in 
powder, put into the bath and well mixed. 
The cloth is then returned into the liquor, 
which is then made to boil, and the opera- 
tion is continued, as usual, fill the colour be 
duly raised, and the dyeing liquor exhausted, 
which will usually happen in about fifteen 
or twenty minutes; after which the cloth 
may be taken out and rinsed as usual. In 
this method the labour and fuel neces.sary 
for the second bath are saved ; the opera- 
tion is finished in much less time ; all the 
tartar will be saved, as well as two-thirds 
of the expense of tlie solvent for the tin, 
and, at least, one-fourth of the cochineal 
usually employed ; and the colour produced 
will not be inferior, in any respect, to that 
dyed with so much more expense and trou- 
ble in the ordinary way; and, moreover, 
looks much better than it by candle light. 
A rose colour may be readily and cheaply 
dyed by the above process, by only omit- 
ting the quercitron bark. 
Crimson is produced either by dyeing the 
wool this colour at once, or by first dyeing 
it scarlet and then changing the shade to 
that required. To dye crimson by a single 
process, a solution of two ounces and a half 
of alum, and an ounce and half of tartar, are 
employed in the boiling for every pound 
of the stuff, for each of which also an ounce 
of cochineal is to be afterwards used in 
dyeing it. It is customaiy to employ solu- 
