DYEING. 
pic madder-red is as follows. The cotton 
must be scoured, galled with one part of 
galls to four of cotton, and then alumed 
with four ounces of Roman alum to one 
pound of cotton, and an eqtial weight of 
water : to the solution of alum one twen- 
tieth part of a solution of soda, consisting 
of half a pound of soda to a quart of water, 
must be added. When the cotton is taken 
out of this mordant, it is slightly wrung with 
the pin and dried ; the colour is more beau- 
tiful as the drying is slow ; twenty pounds of 
cotton are usually dyed at once, but ten 
would be better, because when many hanks 
are dyed at a time it is difficult to make the 
colour equal. To prepare the bath for ten 
pounds of cotton, about two hundred and 
twenty quarts of water should be heated in 
a copper, and when almost too hot for the 
hand, six pounds of good Dutch grape mad- 
der arc to be carefully dispersed through it. 
^Vhen it is well mixed, the cotton is to be 
immersed, hank by hank, on sticks. When 
all the cotton is in, it is to be well worked, 
and the hanks turned on the sticks for three 
quarters of an hour, the bath being kept 
constantly at the same degree of heat with- 
out boiling ; at the end of this time the 
cotton is to be taken out and left on the 
edges of the copper, a pint of the above 
fey of soda is to be added to the bath, and 
the cotton to be put into it again and boil- 
ed from ten to fifteen minutes : lastly, it is 
to be taken out, left to drain, wrung, wash- 
ed in a stream of water, and wrung on the 
pin a second time. 
Two days afterwards the cotton receives 
a second maddering in the proportion of 
eight ounces of madder to the pound of 
cotton, and is worked as in the first mad- 
dering, except that no ley is added, and 
that well-water is used for the bath : after 
this the cotton is left to cool, washed, 
wrung, and dried. M. d’Apligny recom- 
mends, instead of receiving two madder 
baths, that the cotton be alumed twice, 
and then dyed in a single bath only. This 
red is made more lively by soaking the 
cotton, pound by pound, in a bath of warm 
water, into which about a pint of the ley is 
poured ; it is then wrung and dried ; then 
washed in a stream of water, and spread on 
the grass, where the red brightens more 
tlian by any other operation. 
The Turkey red possesses a degree of 
brightness much superior to the common 
madder red, and more powerfully resists the 
action of alkalies, alum, soap, and acids. 
The processes used in Turkey for this red 
are very complicated and tedious, some 
taking a month to perfect, the best of them 
are detailed in Berthollet’s treatise on the 
“Elements of Dyeing.” Their efficacy 
depends chiefly on the impregnation of the 
cotton with animal matter, which is mostly 
done by fish-oil and sheeps’ dung. 
One of the best processes for the Adri- 
nople red, practised in our part of the 
world, is that at Glasgow, introduced by 
M. Papillon, at the expense and at the in- 
stance of the commissioners for manufac- 
tures in Scotland, and which is as follows. 
A ley is prepared for 10016. of cotton, from 
10016. of Alicant barilla, 2016. of pearl-ashes, 
and 10016. of quick-lime, strong enough to 
bear an egg. A weaker sort is also pre- 
pared of the strength marked by two de- 
grees of the French hydrometer, the first 
kind being of six degrees. (A saturated so- 
lution of common salt marks 60°, and soft- 
water 0° on this instrument.) The pearl- 
ashes are dissolved in ten pails of soft-water, 
of four gallons each, and the lime in four- 
teen pails ; the liquors are let to stand till 
quite clear, and then ten pails of each are 
mixe^d together. In this the cotton is boiled 
five hours, washed in running-water, and 
dried : it is then submitted to what is called 
the grey bath. 
For the grey bath, in twenty pails of the 
strong ley are mixed two pails of sheeps’ 
dung, two quarts of oil of vitriol, and one 
pound of gum arable, and one pound of sal 
ammoniac, previously dissolved in a proper 
quantity of the weak ley ; and, lastly, 
twenty-five pounds of olive oil well mixed 
with two pails of the weak ley. The whole 
being well mixed, the cotton is trodden 
down in it till it is well soaked, left thus 
for twenty-four hours, and then wrung hard 
and dried. This operation is repeated a 
second and a third time, after which the 
cotton is well washed and dried. 
The white bath, in which the cotton is 
next placed, is managed in every particular 
as the preceding, except that the sheeps’ 
dung is omitted in it. 
The gall bath, in which it is then put, is 
prepared by boiling twenty-five pounds of 
bruised galls in ten pails of river-water un- 
til four or five are boiled away ; the liquor 
is strained into a tub, and cold water is 
poured on the galls in the strainer. In this 
liquor, made milk warm, the cotton is to be 
dipped hank by hank, and left to steep in it 
twenty-four hours. It is then wrung care- 
fully, and equally, and dried well without 
washing. 
