DYEING. 
Foi- the first alum bath, twenty-five 
pounds of Roman alum are dissolved in 
fourteen pails of warm water, without mak- 
ing it boil ; the liquor is well'skimmed, two 
pails of the strong ley are added, and the 
whole is let to cool till it is luke warm. In 
this bath the cotton is dipped, handled 
hank by hank, left to steep twenty-four 
hours, then wrung equally, and dried well 
without washing. 
The second alum bath, to which it is 
next submitted, is managed exactly like the 
above ; but after the cotton is dry it is 
steeped six hours in the river, and then 
Washed and dried. 
Into the dyeing bath it is next put, by 
ten pounds at a time ; which is prepared by 
mixing two and a half gallons of ox blood 
ivith twenty-eight pails of milk-warm wa- 
ter, adding twenty-five pounds of madder, 
and stirring all well together. 
The ten pounds of cotton, previously put 
on sticks, is dipped into this liquor, and 
turned constantly for one hour, during 
which the heat is gradually encreased till 
the liquor begins to boil at the end of the 
hour. The cotton is then sunk in it, boiled 
gently one hour longer, and then washed 
and dried. 
For the next ten pounds of cotton, so 
much of the boiling liquor is taken out, that 
what remains may produce a luke-warm 
heat with the fresh water with which the 
copper is again filled up, and then the dye- 
ing liquor is made up as above. 
For the fixing batli, five or six pails of 
the grey bath liquor, and as much of the 
white bath liquor are mixed together; in 
this the cotton is trodden down, left to 
steep six hours, and then wrung moderately 
and equally, and dried without washing. 
The brightening bath, is prepared by dis- 
solving carefully and completely ten pounds 
of white soap, in sixteen or eighteen pails of 
warm water : if any little bits of the soap 
remain undissolved, they will make spots in 
the cotton ; four pails of the strong ley are 
added, and well stirred in. In this liquor 
the cotton is sunk, kept down with cross 
sticks, covered up, and boiled gently two 
hours ; it is then washed and dried, which 
completes the process. 
For the common madder red Mr. Wilson 
advises acetite of alumen to be used as the 
mordant, instead of alum. The cotton in 
his process is galled, dried, then impreg- 
nated with the acetite of alumen diluted 
with hot water ; dried a second time, mad- 
dered, washed, and dried again. 
The scarlet colour communicated to cot- 
ton by cochineal is far from being perma- 
nent ; but if it is desired. Dr. Bancroft re- 
commends the cotton to be first steeped 
for half an hour in a diluted solution of mu- 
rio-sulphate of tin, to wring it, and then 
plunge it into water in which as much pot- 
ash has been dissolved as will neutralize the 
acid adhering to the cotton, so that the 
oxide of tin may be more copiously fixed 
on its fibres ; the stuff rinsed in water is 
then to be dyed with cochineal and quer- 
citron bark, in the proportion of four pounds 
of the former to two of the latter. A full 
bright colour is thus given, that will resist 
soap and the air. 
With acetite of alumen, used as a mor- 
dant, cotton dyed with cochineal receives a 
beautiful crimson ; it will bear washing and 
the weather for some time ; but is not per- 
manent. Dr. Bancroft thinks, that a small 
portion of cochineal added in dyeing madder- 
reds, on the finer cottons, would be highly 
advantageous. 
Of dyeing Wool yellow. 
Weld is most commonly used in dyeing 
yellow. For the preparatory bath for dye- 
ing wool tills colour, Hellot directs four 
ounces of alum, and only one of tartar, to 
be used for every pound of wool. 
For the dyeing bath, the weld is boiled in- 
closed in a thin linen bag, in tlie proportion 
of from three to six pounds for every pound 
of cloth ; it is kept from rising by a wooden 
cross : some dyers add a little quicklime 
and ashes, which heighten the colour, but 
render it less capable of resisting acids. 
Lighter shades of colour may be obtained 
by dyeing after deeper ones, adding water 
after each dipping, and keeping the bath at 
a boiling heat. These are not so lively as 
when fresh baths are used with a suitable 
proportion of weld. Alum renders the 
shade paler and more lively, tartar still 
paler, but sulphate of iron causes it to in- 
cline to brown. 
Poerner recommends a .similar prepara- 
tion for this dye to that for scarlet, by 
which the colour will be brighter, more 
permanent, and lighter. 
Dr. Bancroft states quercitron bark to 
be the cheapest and best substance for dye- 
ing wool yellow. For its use the following 
process is directed. The bark, with an 
equal weight, or one-third more of alum, is 
to be boiled for about ten minutes, in a 
suitable proportion of water ; the stuff pre- 
viously scoured is then immersed in the 
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