DYEING. 
bath. The higher colours are dyed first, 
and afterwards the pale-straw colours. The 
colour may be considerably heightened, by 
passing the unrinsed stuff a few times 
through hot water to which one pound and 
a half of clean powdered chalk has been ad- 
ded for every hundred pounds of stuff. 
The bark in boiling should be tied up in 
a thin linen bag, and suspended in the li- 
quor, after having been first reduced to 
powder. This is the cheapest and quickest 
process ; but the colour will be fuller and 
more permanent, if the stuff is first boiled 
for an hour and a quarter in a bath of a 
sixth or an eighth of its weight of alum, dis- 
solved in a proper quantity of water ; and 
be then, without being rinsed, immersed in 
tlie dyeing bath, formed by a weight of 
powdered quercitron bark equal to that of 
the alum, tied up in a linen bag in clean 
hot water ; it is to be turned through the 
boiling liquor in the usual manner, till its 
colour appears sufficient. One pound of 
clean powdered chalk, for every hundred 
pounds of stuff, is then to be mixed with 
the dyeing bath, and the operation is to be 
continued for eight or ten minutes longer. 
The addition of the chalk heightens and 
brightens the colour. 
To give a beautiful orange-yellow to 
woollen stuffs, ten pounds of quercitron 
bark tied up in a bag, for every hundred 
pounds of stuff, are to be put into the bath 
with hot water. At the end of six or eight 
minutes, an equal weight of murio-sulphate 
of tin is to be added, and the mixture to be 
well stirred for two or three minutes. The 
clotii first scoured, and completely wetted, 
is then immersed in the dyeing liquor, and 
briskly turned for a few minutes ; by this 
process the highest yellow may be pro- 
duced in less than fifteen minutes. 
High shades of yellow are given by young 
fustic and nitro-miiriate of tin, but they are 
less permanent, less beautiful, and more 
costly than tliose obtained from the above 
bark. 
Of dying Silk yelloic. 
To dye silk a plain yellow, in general 
■weld alone is used. The silk is first scour- 
ed with soap, in tlie proportion of twenty 
pounds of soap to tlie hundred of silk, then 
alumed, and washed. 
The dyeing bath is prepared with two 
pounds of weld to every pound of silk, 
which having boiled for fifteen minutes, is 
to be passed into the vat through a sieve or 
cloth. When tlie temperature is as high as 
the hand can bear, the .silk is introduced, 
and turned, until it acquires an uniform co- 
lour ; during this time the weld is to be 
boiled a second time in fresh water ; one 
half of the first bath is then taken oiitj and 
its place supplied with a fresh decoction, 
Tlie temperature of tlie fresh bath may be 
a little higher than that of the former, but 
should not be too great, lest the colour 
already fixed be dissolved. The stuff is to 
be turned as before, and then taken out of 
the bath. Soda is to be dissolved in a part 
of the second decoction, and a larger or 
smaller quantity of the solution is to be 
added to the bath, according to the inten- 
sity of the shade wanted. The colour is 
examined by taking out a skein and wring- 
ing it. 
To produce shades having more of a gold 
colour, anotta is added in proportion to 
the deptti of colour required. Lighter 
shades, such as pale lemon colour, are ob- 
tained by previously whitening the silk, 
and regulating the proportion of tlie ingre- 
dients of the bath by the shade required, 
To give a yellow, with a green tinge, a little 
indigo is added to the bath, if the silk has 
not been previously azured; to prevent the 
greenish shade being too deep, the silk 
should be more .slightly alumed than usual. 
Dr. Bancroft asserts that all the shades 
of yellow can be given at a cheaper rate by 
quercitron bark than by weld. To dye 
with this bark, a quantity of it powdered, 
and inclosed in a bag, in proportion to the 
shade wanted, from one to two pounds for 
every pound of silk, is put into the vat 
while the water is cold. Heat is applied, 
and when the bath is rather more than 
blood warm, or of the temperature 100°, 
the silk, after being first alumed, is immers- 
ed and dyed in the usual way. A deeper 
shade may be given by adding a small 
quantity of chalk or pearl-ashes towards 
the end of the operation. To produce a 
more lively yellow a small portion of murio- 
sulphate of tin may be employed, but it 
should be used cautiously as it is apt to 
diminish the lustre of the silk. 
To dye silk of an aurora or orange co- 
lour, after having been properly scoured, it 
may be immersed in an alkaline solution of 
anotta, the strength of which is to be regu- 
lated by the shade required. The tempera- 
ture of the batli should be between that of 
tepid and boiling water. When the desired 
shade is obtained, the silk is to be twice 
washed and beetled, to free it from the su- 
perfluous colouring matter, which would 
