DYEING. 
pound of the yarn. The skeins are then 
dipped again on the skein sticks, and 
turned for about 15 minutes, when they are 
taken out and aired; they are next im- 
mersed in the bath for 15 minutes, taken 
out and wrung. To complete the process, 
the vat employed is emptied; half of the 
decoction of logwood not before used is 
DOW pmu'ed in, with the addition of two 
drams of alum, and tlie yarn is again dipped 
in it till it has acquired the shade proposed, 
which must always regulate the strength or 
W'eakness of the decoction of logwood. 
This colour bears the air tolerably well, 
but is much inferior in permanency to tliat 
which is obtained by the use of madder. 
Of dyeing Wool orange. 
Orange being a mixture of yellow and 
red, may be communicated by the processes 
for dyeing scarlet in which yellow is used, 
by diminishing the proportion of red, and 
increasing that of yellow. Wool dyed red 
by madder, and afterwards yellow by weld, 
acquires a cinnamon colour, for which the 
most proper mordant is a mixture of alum 
and tartar. The shades may be varied at 
pleasure by substituting other yellow dye 
stuffs for weld, and by altering the propor- 
tions as circumstances may require. Wool 
receives a reddish yellow by being passed 
through the madder bath after having been 
dyed yellow. Brazil wood is sometimes 
employed with yellow substances singly, or 
mixed with cochineal and madder, to pro- 
duce this colour. When instead of weld, 
or other yellow dyes, walnut-tree root. 
Walnut-peels, or sumach are used, snuff, 
chesnut, musk, and other shades are ob- 
tained. 
Of dyeing Silk orange shades, 
Marones, cinnamons, and all the inter- 
mediate shades are given to silk, by log- 
wood, Brazil, and fustic, a bath is prepared 
by mixing decoctions of these three woods 
made separately ; the proportion of each 
is varied according to the shade required, 
but that of fustic ought to prevail ; the bath 
should be of a moderate temperature ; and 
the silk, after being scoured and alumed in 
the usual manner, is immersed in it. ^The 
silk is turned on the skein sticks in the 
bath, and when taken out, if the colour be 
uniform, it is wrung and dipped in a second 
bath of the three ingredients, the propor- 
tions of which are regulated according to 
the effect of the first bath, in order to ob- 
tain the shade required. 
For some colours blue is united to red 
VOL. II. 
and yellow, it is tlius olives are produced ; 
a blue ground is first given, then the yellow 
dye, and lastly, a slight maddering. Olive 
may be dyed without using the blue vat, 
by dipping the silk in a very strong weld 
bath, after being first alumed ; to this a de- 
coction of logwood is afterwards added, 
and when the silk is dipped, a little solu- 
tion of alkali is put in, which turns it green, 
and gives the silk the olive colour. The 
silk is repeatedly dipped in tliis bath until 
it has acquired the proper shade. 
A kind of reddish olive is produced by 
a bath of fustic to which more or less cop- 
peras and logwood have been added. Rus- 
set-olive is dyed by adding fustic and log- 
wood to the bath after welding. The ad- 
dition of logwood alone gives a redder 
colour, if such is required. 
Of dyeing Cotton and Linen orange shades. 
By beginning with weld and verdigris, 
cinnamon colour is given to thread and 
cotton, which are then dipped in a solution 
of copperas, wrung, and dried. When 
dry they are galled with three ounces of 
galls to the pound dyed ; they are then dried 
again, alumed as for red, and maddered. 
After being then washed, they are put into 
very warm soap-suds, and turned until they 
are sufficiently brightened ; a decoction of 
fustic is sometimes added in the aluming. 
M. d’Apligny states that a fine olive 
may be imparled to cotton and thread 
from four parts of weld and one of potash, 
boiled in a sufficient quantity of water, and 
Brazil wood, which has been steeped one 
night, boiled separately with a little verdi- 
gris 5 by mixing the two decoctions in the 
proportions the shade requires, and im- 
mersing therein the thread or cotton. 
Of dyeing Cloth hrown or grey. 
To impart a brown shade, the stuff as 
soon as dyed is dipped in a solution of cop- 
peras, to which an astringent has been ad- 
ded ; which is better than mixmg copperas 
with the bath, as some do. 
Coffee, damascene, and other shades, are 
produced by giving the cloth first a colour 
more or less deep, according to the shade 
wanted, and tlien dipping it in a bath of 
galls, sumach, alder-bark, and copperas, 
according to the effect desired. 
Blue-greys are given by solution of indigo 
in sulphuric acid, combined with a mixture 
of decoction of galls and copperas. Other 
shades are obtained by a bath of cochineal, 
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