157 
orbits of a fine mazarine blue, and elevated ; and over the eye is a tubercle larger than the rest. He 
does not say it is crested, but that “ the crown is rather full of feathers.” The colour he describes as 
follows : — “ The top of the head, and sides of it, the hind part of the neck and all the upper parts 
of the body, the wings and tail, are black, except a longish patch of white on the wing-coverts ; the 
forehead, chin, and all beneath, white ; the legs are flesh-colour, or very pale brown.” 
He distinguishes this bird as the Carunculated Shag, and says that it inhabits New Zealand (as 
well as South America), being “found in Queen Cliarlotte Sound but not in plenty.” 
The reference in this description to white on the forehead is a little puzzling, but may perhaps 
be accounted for by the fact that in the breeding-plumage these birds sometimes exhibit some white 
linear feathers above the lores ; and Prof. Parker’s bird, described on page 156, has carunculated 
patches “ separated by a narrow white streak,” which may be a seasonal character. 
There can, however, be no reasonable doubt that tbe bird here described is the same as that now 
inhabiting Queen Charlotte Sound, and although the specific name may not seem the most appropriate 
there can be no possible excuse for disturbing it. Although, as a rule, the so-called caruncles 
are mere papillse, it will be seen from the descriptions given on the preceding page that examples 
sometimes occur (if they are indeed referable to this species) in which the caruncles and wattles are 
quite a conspicuous feature. Even Latham, in describing the species, mentions that “ over the eye is 
a tubercle larger than the rest.” 
There is no mention in the original description of the conspicuous white patch on the back ; 
but I attach no importance to that, because (as Dr. Sclater has already suggested) this may be a 
character peculiar to the breeding-season. “ On two skins from Chiloe in the collection of Salvin and 
Godman, one has the white dorsal patch broader and more distinct than in the ‘ Challenger ’ specimen, 
in the other it is altogether absent.” 
But Latbam described at the same time another species, under the name of the Tufted Shag 
(afterwards Pelecanus cirrhatus of Gmelin), a specimen of which, then in the Hunterian Museum, is 
said also to have come from Queen Charlotte Sound. 
I think, however, with Dr. Finsch, that there is a mistake in the locality, and that the true 
habitat of Gmelin’s Phalacrocorax cirrhatus was Magellan Straits. 
Dr. Sclater deprecates separating this name from carunculatus because they have so long been 
regarded as synonymous ; but it must be clear from what I have said that Latham’s two descriptions 
of a crested and uncrested bird could not have related to one and the same species. His description of 
the Tufted Shag is as follows : — “ Length 2 feet 10 inches. Bill 2^ inches long. Colour dusky yellow ; 
round the eye bare ; the head and sides above the eye, the hind part of the neck, and all the upper 
parts of the body, wings and tail black ; the feathers on the top of the head very long, forming a 
pointed upright tuft or crest, somewhat tending forwards ; on the wing-coverts is an oblong patch of 
white ; and the underparts, from chin to vent, are also white ; the tail is inches in length, rounded 
in shape and composed of fourteen feathers ; the legs pale yellow-brown.” 
Dr. Finsch says that “ Phalacrocorax carunculatus may be easily distinguished from P. cirrhatus, 
Gmelin, from Magellan Straits, in having the sides of the head and neck dark, and by having a 
feathered stripe along the naked gular and chin-regions, which parts are totally naked in cirrhatus.” 
Professor Hutton has given (Trans. N.-Z. Inst. vol. xi. pp. 332-337) an excellent history of the 
nomenclature of Phalacrocorax cirrhatus and P. carunculatus. He sums up the results of his investi- 
gation as follows: — “Dr. Kidder gives the length of a Kerguelen’s Land bird at 23 J inches ; the 
specimen in the Otago Museum is rather larger. Dr. Buller gives the length of birds from New 
Zealand as 32 inches, and of birds from the Chatham Islands at 27 inches. The Chatham-Island 
birds are evidently smaller than those from New Zealand, but neither Latham, Gmelin, Brandt, nor 
Bonaparte had seen birds from the Chatham Islands. Brandt or Bonaparte appear to be the first to 
