606 
APPENDIX. 
coasts occasionally in the hunting season, may have brought with them the rein- 
deer from which these horns had been derived. This hypothesis may explain the 
pi’esence of such horns in a spot which no wild rein-deer are known to frequent at 
present; but as Kotzebue (p. 219) mentions also the abundance of drift-wood upon 
the shores of this bay, it is probable that the same currents whieh brought the wood 
may have also brought the earcasses of rein-deer, and have stranded them on the 
shores where their horns were found. 
The agency of the same currents to which I have referred the drifting of the 
carcasses of rein-deer into Eschscholtz Bay will also equally explain the presence 
of recent bones of the musk-ox in this bay on the same shoal with the bones of 
elephants that had fallen from the cliff. I have already stated that the condition 
of the skull and horns of a musk-ox, which were brought home with the fossil bones, 
is so very recent, and differs so essentially from the condition of all the bones of 
elephants from this place, that it is impossible it can have been buried in the same 
matrix with them ; for, in such case, all would have been nearly in the same state, 
either of preservation or decay. 
It is stated by Cuvier (Ossemens Fossiles, second edition, vol. iv. p. 165), 
that a similar doubt is attached to the heads of musk-oxen described by Pallas and 
Ozeretzkovsky, as found near the mouth of the Ob, and at the embouchure of the 
Yana, and that there is yet no sufficient proof of the existence of any fossil species 
of musk-ox that may be considered of the same age with the fossil elephant, or 
which can be brought in evidence as to the question of the climate of the polar 
regions when these elephants were living. Of the very few remains of musk-oxen 
which have yet been found, it does not appear that any have been buried at a 
great depth. 
There is nothing peculiar to Eschscholtz Bay in the occurrence of bones of 
horses with those of elephants : from the nuinber of localities in which their teeth 
and bones have been found together, in diluvial deposits, it appears that more than 
one species of horse was coextensive with the fossil elephant in its occupation of 
the ancient surface of the earth. Wild horses are at present almost unknown, 
except in warm or temperate latitudes. 
We may now consider how far the facts we have collected respecting the 
bones in Eschscholtz Bay are in accordance with similar occurrences, either in the 
adjoining regions of the north, or in other still more distant parts of the earth, 
and in different latitudes. 
It is stated by Pallas in the 17 th volume of the New Commentaries of the 
Academy of Petersburg, I 772 , that throughout the whole of northern Asia, 
from the Don to the extreme point nearest America, there is scarce any great 
