EXPLORATIONS OF THE ALLEGHANY REGION AND WESTERN INDIANA. 149 
40. Etheostoma rufolineatum (Cope). S., M., G., N. 
One of tlie gaudiest of our fishes, frequenting weed-covered rocks in clear water, 
especially in streams shaded by trees. 
In life, male green, the body with longitudinal stripes, each stripe as wide as one 
row of scales and formed by darker edges of the scales ; some of the scales with center 
spots of bright orange-brown. In each series, usually from 2 to 6 consecutive scales 
are orange-brown, then an equal number are olive, the olive and orange areas irregu- 
larly alternating. Head with an olive-black band through snout to nape ; an interrupted 
band below this, still lower two blackish spots ; usually about five black dashes on 
each side of head, a characteristic color mark ; angle of mouth orange. Lips orange 
except in front; lower jaw with an orange spot; interopercle, opercle, cheek, and first 
three branchiostegals each with orange spots. Belly orange-yellow ; breast deep blue. 
Fins all bordered with scarlet ; a vei y narrow blackish edge ; a narrow pale streak 
between it and the scarlet. Spinous dorsal straw-color dotted with black and edged 
with orange ; second dorsal similar, more yellow. Caudal scarlet, its center yellow, 
its base with a large blue-black spot which extends into the yellow. Base of caudal 
yellow ; an orange spot above and below. Anal bright yellow at base, then scarlet 
with narrow pale and dark edgings. Veutrals similar. Pectorals yellow, with a black- 
ish and a scarlet crescent at base and a subterrainal scarlet band. 
Females green with 8 faint dark cross-bars, obscure and interrupted. Scales on 
sides with yellow streaks arranged like the brown streaks on the male. Fins all yellow. 
Anal and ventrals tinged with orange. Pectorals tinged with orange anteriorly, all 
the fins with bars of dark spots. Caudal blackish, its base yellow. Head with black 
markings similar to those on the male, but without scarlet. 
41. Etheostoma flabellare (Ralinesque). S., M. 
A species of the springs and other cold, clear waters, not descending to the river 
channels. 
42. Cottus bairdi Girard. M., S., G., N., W., D. “ Mull-bead.” 
Very common, especially in cold waters. 
Few river basins are more favorable for fish life than those of the Holston and 
Tennessee. The combination of clear, cold waters, a bottom of rock and gravel, and a 
warm climate is one extremely favorable to fish development. 
M.— THE FRENCH BROAD RIVER. 
The French Broad is one of the three great rivers whose union forms the Tennessee. 
Unlike the Clinch and the Holston its course is at right angles to the direction of the 
mountain ranges. It is therefore far more swift and turbulent than either of the 
others, and its course lies mostly over metamorphic rather than limestone rocks. The 
French Broad has its rise in innumerable mountain springs in the plateau of western 
North Carolina. Above Asheville, a considerable part of its course is through com- 
paratively level pasture land. The soil is here a red clay produced by the disintegra- 
tion of metamorphic rocks. The stream is therefore more or less red and discolored 
after rains. Its tributaries are, however, for the most part clear at all times. Some of 
these are among the most beautiful trout-brooks in the whole course of the Alleghany 
chain of mountains. High water interfered somewhat with our work in the French 
