332 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
a. Aual spines obsolete; dorsal spines 2 to 8; scales very saiall, smooth; teeth all villiform; max- 
illary with a supplemental bone; head scaly; lateral line normal ; gill-rakers rather few 
and short; caudal rounded ; preopercle without angle or serrations, hut wit h two or three 
spinous teeth above Grammistin^, I. 
aa. Anal spines 3; dorsal spines 8 to 14. 
h. Dorsiil fin continuous or nearly so, not divided nearly to the base. 
c. M ixillar.v with a supplemental bone (usually distinct, but sometimes hidden in the skin); ca- 
nine teeth usually present, at least in front of jaws ; inner teeth in both jaws usually 
depre.ssible ; scales small, linn, the top of head more or less scaly ; lateral line running 
low (except in Goniopleclrus, etc.); supraoccipital crest usually more or less encroaching 
on the top of the skull, so as to leave no distinct smooth area at the vertex (except in 
Variola); temporal crests usually distinct; gill-rakers various, generally small and short. 
Dorsal rays VIII to XIV-T2 to 20, the number of spines usually not ten ; .anal rays III, 7 
to III, II; vertelu'ie about 10 -(-14 =24. Chiefly shore-lishes. often of large size ; all of 
them, so far as known, bisexual Epinephelin^, II. 
cc. Maxillary without supplemental bone; canine teeth, if present, usually developed on the side 
of the lower jaw as well as in front; no dexjre.ssible teeth; sc.ales mostly ctenoid, includ- 
ing those of the lateral line; tempor<al crests on cranium almost obsolete. 
d. Gill-rakers comparatively short and wide ap.art; lateral line not running close to the back 
(except in one species); dorsal rays X, 11 to 15; anal rays usually III, 7 ; supraoccipital 
crest not extending far forward on top of skull, a more or less distinct convex smooth 
area being left on the vertex between the snpraoccipit.al and the interorbital area; mouth 
less oblique than in the Avthiina’,; vertebrae about 10 -|- 14 = 24. Chiefly shore-fishes 
of olivaceous colors ; some of them — possibly all — hermaphrodite SerraniNyB, III. 
dd. Gill-rakers (in all species known to us) very long, slender and closc'.-set ; lateral line run- 
ning close, to the back ; dorsal rays IX to XII, 0 to 20. Anal rriys III, 7 to 10; supra- 
occipital crest very high, not encroaching on the short, convex, smooth area at the 
vertex, which is considerably depressed ; caniires usrrally strong; xrreorbital very' nar- 
row. Deep-wiiter fishes, usually bright red in life Anthiin^E, IV. 
hh. Dorsal tius separ-ate, or joined at b.ase only, the rays VII to XI-I, 12 to 14. 
e. Maxillary without suppleiirental bone;" teeth all alike, usually villiform, withorrt canines ; 
preorbital narrow; lateral line normal, straight, or bent upward at base; preoiiercle 
serrate; gill-r<akers moderately long and slender; verterbrm 10-)-14=24 to 16-)-19=35, 
the number usually more than 24. Species of generally large size, and silvery-olive col- 
oration, mostly inhabiting fresh orbr.ackish waters LatiNjE, V. 
ee. Maxillary with a Large supplemental bone ; membrane bones of head extensively cav- 
ernous ; vertebra; in increased number, 16-}-20=3f5 in Percichthys ; lateral line normal; 
dorsal rays .about X-11 ; gill-rakers rather short and thick. Species of moderate size and 
dull olive coloration, inhabiting the fresh waters of Chili PERCiCHTHYiNiE, VI. 
ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN GENERA OF SERRANID^. 
Subfamily I -GRAMMISTINJE. 
{8erranid(r, with the anal spines obsolete, the dorsal spines in small number, 
maxillary with a supplemental bone; the preopercle with two or three spine-like hooks 
(tosteriorly, the scales small and imbedded, the teeth all villiform.) 
a. Dorsal spines two to four ; preorbital narrow ; no canine teeth ; preopercle without angle or serra- 
tures, its margin with 2 or 3 spinous teeth above; caudal fin rounded; scales small, smooth, 
■ embedded; smooth area on top of head very largo, transversely convex, much longer than the 
low supraoccipital crest ; interorbital area very narrow; temporal ridge.s strong. ..Eypticus, 1. 
*In Morone, Lateolahrax, etc. We have not examined Rates. 
