EEVIEW OF THE SEERANID^. 
335 
dd. Dorsal spines subequal ; none of them much produced. 
/. Top of head closely scaled ; scales large ; soft dorsal scaly, its rays about X, 12. 
Pakacentropristis, 20. 
ff. Top of head from the occiput forward naked. 
g. Preopercle with numerous strong diverging spines at its angle, these spines diverging. 
from one or two centers ; (profile of head arched ; preorbital broader than max- 
illary, which is widest near its middle ; scales rather large).. Diplectrum, 21. 
' Preopercle simply and rather finely serrate ; scales large or small; preorbital narrow ; 
canine teeth various ; dorsal rays X, 11, to X, 15 Serranus, 22. 
Subfamily IV.-ANTHIINJE. 
{Serranidw with the maxillary destitute of supplemental bone and with the lateral 
line running very high, close to the dorsal lin; the gill-rakers numerous, long and 
slender; the mouth oblique, with broad, short maxillary.) 
a. Lateral line complete, extending from gill-opening to base of caudal. 
6. Caudal-fin very deeply forked, the lobes produced ; dorsal spines, 10 ; preopercle angular, with 
salient teeth at its angle ; oue or more of the dorsal spines filamentous ; ventral fins pro- 
duced. 
c. Maxillary and frontal region naked; tongue toothless Pronotogrammus, 23. 
cc. Maxillary scaly ; top of head scaled to the snout ; third dorsal spine produced ; body com- 
pressed. 
d. Tongue without teeth Anthias, 24. 
dd. Tongue with a large patch of villiform teeth Odontanthias, 25. 
66. Caudal fin subtruncate; dorsal spines, 9; preopercle evenly rounded, its edge very finely ser- 
rate; none of the dorsal spines produced, the fins all low; no canines; no opercular 
spine; jaws scaleless Batuyanthias, 26. 
aa. Lateral line ceasing under last rays of soft dorsal; preopercle entire; dorsal spines 11; jaws 
scaly; canines present; dorsal spines and ventral tins not produced ; caudal deeply forked, 
its lobes elongate Callanthias, 27. 
Subfamily V.-LATIN^l. 
{Serranidee with the dorsal fius more or less distiuctly separated ; the lateral line 
straight or slightly curved upwards in front; no supplementary maxillary bone, and 
the teeth all alike, without canines ; vertebme 24 to 35 ; membrane bones of head not 
especially cavernous. Fishes often entering or inhabiting rivers.) 
a. Caudal fin rounded behind; pseudobranchiuo small ; tongue toothless; form elliptical, with 
pointed snout and projecting lower jaw; preorbital, post-temporal, and clavicular 
bones serrate ; angle of preopercle with a strong spine directed backward, the spinulcs 
on the lower limb directed somewhat forward; dorsal spines strong, eight in number, 
the third elevated ; anal spines small Lates, 28. 
aa. Caudal fin lunate or forked ; pseudobrauchise large ; angle of preopercle with no large hori- 
zontal spine ; dorsal spines ten. 
d. Top of head naked ; lateral line distiuctly arched in front ; body much compressed ; preorbital 
sharply serrate; dorsal fins joined, the spines moderate; anal spines graduated; 
month oblique, the lower jaw projecting ; gill-rakers slender ; teeth on tongue minute 
or wanting Kuhlia, 29. 
dd. Top of head scaly ; lateral line nearly straight ; teeth on tongue in oue or more patches. 
e. Preopercle without antrorse spines on its lower limb. 
/. Dorsal fins joined ; spines of fins strong ; anal rays III, 9, the spines not graduated ; jaws 
subequal ; base of tongue toothless Morone, 30. 
