of Macrozamia Hopei (on Lawn D), of M. Denisonii (on Lawn O), of Encephalartos Hildebrandtii (on Lawn X), of Zo-rnia pumila 
and Bowenia spectabilis (on the Sun-Rockery) ; (6) the Gnetaceae, by Gnetum Kingianum and Gn. campestre in the Gardens’ Jungle. 
The following families are not represented in the Gardens : — the Taxaceae or yews^ the Cephalotaxaceae, the Pmaceae or pines, 
the Ginkgoaceae, the Ephedraceae, and the Welwitschiaceae. Prolonged attempts have been made to keep alive the Ginkgo and several 
species of pines, but with no real success, not even with Pinus Merkusii, which occurs in Burma, Siam, and the mountains of Sumatra. 
The Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae have been subjected to considerable experimentation. The Ephedraceae and Welwitschiaceae are 
desert plants, and success with them cannot be expected. 
The species found amenable to cultivation in the climate and soil of Singapore may be classified into nine groups, as follows : — 
(i) there are those completely at home in the high forest of the lowlands of the Malay Peninsula, and for that reason at home in the 
Gardens, e.g., Gnetum Kingianum and Gn. campestre ; (a) there is Gnetum Gnemon, an eastern Malaysian tree widely spread by cultiva- 
tion ; (3), there are certain trees of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula from 2,000 ft, upwards, which, competition being removed as 
in the Gardens, thrive, i.e., Dacrydium elatum, Podocarpus neriifoUuSf and P. imbricatm ; (4) there are trees of the neighbourhood of the 
shores of the Peninsula, and of cliffs in the interior, that is to say, of places where the high forest cannot reach its full development, 
i.e., Podocarpus polystachyus and Cycas Rumphii ; (5) there is Encephalartos Hildebrandtii, which is found along the eastern coast of 
Tropical Africa, and what is believed to be Podocarpus gracilior of Uganda and Abyssinia ; (6) there are trees from the shores of Queens- 
land, New Caledonia and adjacent islands, which grow, but remain sterile, i.e., Bowenia spectabilis, Araucaria BidwiUii, A- Cookii, 
A, Cunninghamii and ^4. excelsa ; and also Macrozamia Hopei and M. Denisonii which produce fruits ; Agathis vitiensis may be added 
to this group, as well as A, robusta ; (7) there are trees not uncommon in Central China, for instance in the province of Hupeh, as 
Cnpressus /une&ris, Thuja orientalis and Junipenis chinensis, and these, like the first four in group 6, remain sterile ; (8) there is Juniperus 
conferta, which has its home upon the sand-dunes of Japan and in the Idu-kiu islands ; in the Gardens, given a place where it receives 
heat from a pavement, it grows well ; and (9} there is Zamia pumila of the West Indies, 
The other Gymnosperms possessed by the Gardens, such as can be maintained in tub-culture, are found to perish slowly if planted 
out, and a review of the whole group leads to a very emphatic conclusion that climates such as that of Singapore, which are found upon 
the Equator, scarcely support the living Gymnosperms, One may reasonably conjecture that the Gymnosperms, whose fossil remains 
occur in the rocks, probably lived under climates less uniformly warm-humid. 
In their own home, the Araucarias attain 200 ft. ; but sufficient time has not elapsed since their planting in 
Singapore for such a si^e to be attained ; moreover, in the Malay Peninsula it happens very frequently that trees fall 
and so succumb before an attack by white ants, as soon as an injury breaks through the outer resinous parts of their 
roots. 
Upon Lawn B the Casuarinas are collected. There are half-a-dozen beautifully shaped trees of Casuarina 
sumatrana, two young trees of the closely related C. Rumphii of Amboyna, and two trees of C. equisetifoliaf which 
species is found on sandy sea shores from the Bay of Bengal to the Marquesas Islands. The Australian C. glauca 
is on Lawns C and D. C. sumatrana is native on the mountains of Sumatra and Borneo. The Gardens* trees, which 
are now rather more than 50 years old, have retained branches to the ground, though, as found in Borneo, when 
growing among competitors, and doubtless also in Sumatra, they stand like firs, with clean naked trunks and an 
umbrella-top. It is expected that C. Rumphii will grow as C. sumatrana does. C. equisetifolia and C. glauca acquire 
II 
